colistimethate sodium (ColiFin / ColiFinair)

Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review.

Winter Ian P IP, Sarac Paul P, Wilson Patrick B PB

Sodium bicarbonate positively impacts performance, but its associated gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) may limit use. This systematic review synthesized literature that has evaluated GIS with sodium bicarbonate supplementation. Literature searches were performed from February 2024-March 2026. Eligible studies provided ≥ 5 g of sodium bicarbonate within a 24-h period or, if a multi-day protocol, at least one day involving ≥ 5 g. Included studies had a placebo group/condition or a comparison group/condition that created a contrast related to delivery method, form, or dose. In total, 101 investigations were summarized in six categories: acute single dosing (n = 35); acute spread dosing (n = 28); chronic dosing (n = 7); acute versus chronic dosing (n = 5); delivery form (n = 18); and other (n = 8). Existing literature suggests that common acute doses (0.2-0.4 g/kg) elicit mild-to-severe GIS, which likely increase in a dose-dependent manner when sodium bicarbonate is ingested in a single dose. Strategies to reduce GIS with acute dosing include spreading intake over hours, using enteric-coated capsules/tablets, and ingesting sodium bicarbonate mini-tablets within a carbohydrate hydrogel. Direct comparisons of these strategies to reduce GIS are absent in current literature; thus, ranking their effectiveness is not possible. Multi-day dosing may lessen GIS, but symptom documentation throughout supplementation periods is poorly characterized. Notably, 26 of 101 studies failed to perform inferential statistical testing to examine condition/group differences in GIS. Making definitive recommendations about sodium bicarbonate supplementation to minimize GIS remains challenging. Major needs remain for direct comparisons between protocols purported to reduce GIS and improvements in GIS data collection, reporting, and analysis.

Seizure worsening and sodium-channel blockers in HCN1-related epilepsies: A case series.

Fabrication of a Tripolyphosphate-Modified Chitosan-Sodium Alginate Composite for Highly Efficient Uranium Adsorption from Water.

Zhong Xingyu X, Yang Fang F, Lu Lihong L, Zhang Wenqing W et al.

The preparation of composite materials with excellent adsorption capacity for uranium in water remains a topic of great interest. In this work, a novel composite adsorbent, tripolyphosphate-modified chitosan-sodium alginate (PCSSA), was successfully prepared by incorporating sodium alginate into tripolyphosphate-modified chitosan via chemical cross-linking. The resulting material exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for U(VI) in aqueous solutions. Within the chitosan matrix, amino, alkyl, and phosphate groups act synergistically to form amino-alkyl phosphate ligands (NH2-CH2-PO43-) with chelating functionality, providing abundant adsorption sites for efficient U(VI) removal. SEM and EDS characterization revealed a rugged, plate-like surface morphology, loaded with functional groups such as phosphate and carboxyl/hydroxyl groups. Systematic adsorption experiments indicated that the U(VI) adsorption behavior of PCSSA follows the Langmuir isotherm and the Elovich kinetic model. Under optimal conditions (pH = 3, 298.15 K, adsorbent dose = 30 mg), the maximum adsorption capacity reached 561.86 mg·g-1. In real water samples with a low U(VI) concentration (30 mg·L-1), the removal efficiency was as high as 88%, outperforming many similar bio-based adsorbents. FTIR and XPS analyses suggested that the phosphate groups interact with UO22+ through multiple mechanisms, including electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange, and complexation. The PCSSA composite is environmentally friendly and straightforward to prepare, showing promising potential for application in water pollution control.

Controlled release network hydrogel based on zein/sodium alginate-stabilized chrysanthemum essential oil Pickering emulsions for prolonged preservation of fresh-cut Gastrodia elata.

Zhang Lihui L, Liu Jieni J, Law Chung Lim CL, Sun Qing Q et al.

Browning and microbial proliferation are major factors driving quality deterioration in fresh-cut Gastrodia elata. This study developed a zein/sodium alginate-stabilized chrysanthemum essential oil (CEO) Pickering emulsion and incorporated it into gelatin-konjac glucomannan hydrogels for fresh-cut G. elata preservation. The emulsion exhibited nanoscale droplets (194.53-515.00 nm) with exceptional stability (zeta potential: -82.85 to -95.92 mV), confirming effective encapsulation of CEO. The optimized hydrogel (GK-8%) formed a dense network with uniform pore structure, demonstrating superior water retention and sustained release properties, achieving 73.30% CEO release over 390 h. Application tests revealed that GK-8% significantly reduced weight loss (≤ 0.15%) and browning index (26.72% reduction), maintained firmness and total phenolic content, while decreasing antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Visual observations showed that GK-8% treatment delayed visible browning by approximately 3 days compared to the control. The hydrogel extended shelf life through synergistic effects of microbial inhibition and oxidative stress alleviation, providing an effective, eco-friendly strategy for fresh-cut product preservation.