Drug Database
EP

epinastine (Talerc / Flurinol / Alesion Dry Syrup)

✓ Approved

Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited · HRH1 · Small Molecule

What is epinastine?

epinastine is a small molecule developed by Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTalerc, Flurinol, Alesion Dry Syrup
CompanyDaiichi Sankyo Company Limited
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetHRH1
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

epinastine acts on 1 molecular target:

HRH1histamine receptor H1 (HH1R, H1R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

epinastine is developed for 4 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersDermatitis allergic✓ Approved
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersDermatitis atopic✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersRhinitis allergic✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedBMC cancer2026-11-11

Combined morphology and distribution features for risk stratification in pathology-enriched BI-RADS 4A/4B microcalcifications.

Zhang Shiyi S, Dong Shiwen S, Chen Yongtian Y, Yu Yonglong Y et al.

Breast microcalcifications are a common indication for biopsy in breast cancer screening and often represent the earliest mammographic manifestation of malignancy. However, substantial heterogeneity within BI-RADS 4 A lesions presents challenges for clinical interpretation. This study aimed to evaluate the association of microcalcification morphology and distribution with pathological outcomes and to explore their potential role in characterizing heterogeneity within BI-RADS 4 A lesions. A total of 327 patients with 356 pathologically confirmed microcalcification-positive breast lesions detected on digital mammography were retrospectively analyzed on a lesion-based basis. Calcification morphology and distribution were classified according to the BI-RADS 5th Edition. Associations with pathological outcomes were assessed using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent factors associated with malignancy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic performance at BI-RADS thresholds ≥4 A and ≥4B. Among the 327 patients, 205 (62.7%) had malignant disease and 122 (37.3%) had benign disease. Fine pleomorphic (80.2%), amorphous (66.2%), and fine linear or branching (100%) morphologies, as well as clustered (71.2%), regional (96.6%), and linear (100%) distribution patterns, were significantly associated with malignancy (P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that morphology and distribution remained independently associated with malignancy. Among lesions initially categorized as BI-RADS 4 A in institutional practice (n = 58), substantial heterogeneity was observed. Lesions with high-risk morphology and distribution patterns were more frequently malignant, whereas punctate calcifications with scattered distribution showed a lower malignancy proportion. In this pathology-confirmed cohort, BI-RADS ≥4B showed higher specificity than BI-RADS ≥4 A, although this category-level finding should be interpreted descriptively. In this retrospective cohort of biopsied BI-RADS 4 A/4B microcalcification-positive lesions, combined morphology and distribution features provided supplementary information for imaging-pathology correlation and helped illustrate risk heterogeneity within institutionally assigned BI-RADS 4 A lesions. These findings should be interpreted as confirmatory observations within a selected biopsy cohort rather than population-level malignancy estimates, and they are not intended to replace established BI-RADS-based management principles. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the pathology-enriched design and should not be considered population-level risk estimates. They may provide supplementary information for understanding lesion heterogeneity but are not intended to replace established BI-RADS-based clinical decision-making.

PMID 43009821
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PubMedNature communications2026-11-11

Signatures of bi-altermagnetism revealed by sublattice-specific circular dichroism in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering.

Channagowdra Ganesha G, Singh Amol A, Huang Hsiao-Yu HY, Furo Mizuki M et al.

An altermagnet is a recently identified class of magnets that exhibit a zero net magnetic moment but break symmetry under the combined operations of parity and time reversal. It typically consists of two magnetic sites of opposite spins related by rotation within the unit cell. Here, we use circular dichroism (CD) in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) to reveal symmetry signatures of a distinct form of altermagnetism, namely bi-altermagnetism, in the correlated insulator Fe2Mo3O8, which comprises two altermagnetic sublattices: one with alternating quasi-octahedral Fe environments and the other with alternating tetrahedral Fe environments. We experimentally revealed the emergence of CD in an achiral, zero-magnetization system, thereby probing mirror-symmetry breaking associated with altermagnetic order. Notably, the CD appeared at sublattice-specific excitations of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites, indicating symmetry breaking in both altermagnetic sublattices. Calculations based on a model with the bi-altermagnetic order along the c axis successfully reproduce the observed CD. Our findings support the realization of bi-altermagnetism in Fe2Mo3O8, and showcase the use of RIXS-CD as a probe of magnetic sublattices in systems with zero net magnetization.

PMID 43009465
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PubMedMedicine2026-11-11

Comparative effectiveness of novel laser-assisted technologies for treating peri-implantitis: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Wang Zhe Z, Wen Jing J, Li Haoyang H, Xu Jiaying J et al.

Peri-implantitis impairs dental implant survival. Though new laser-assisted therapies are promising, their relative efficacy remains unclear. This Bayesian network meta-analysis compared photodynamic therapy (PDT), diode laser (DL), erbium:YAG laser (Er:YAG), and conventional non-laser control (CON). Following PRISMA guidelines, we retrieved relevant randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to May 31, 2025. Primary outcomes included bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and plaque index; secondary outcomes covered clinical attachment level, crestal bone loss, gingival index, and bleeding index (BI). We calculated odds ratios and standardized mean differences with 95% credible intervals and P-values via Stata 14. Treatments were ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve, combined with effect estimates and evidence quality for result interpretation. Thirty-three randomized controlled trials with 1825 participants were included. PDT ranked best overall, with significant improvements in PD, plaque index, crestal bone loss, gingival index, and BI versus CON. No therapy yielded significant differences in BOP and clinical attachment level. DL showed no clinical advantages over CON, while Er:YAG only improved BI significantly. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve rankings of DL and Er:YAG only indicated probability order, not definite therapeutic effects. PDT exerted the most stable short-term efficacy for peri-implantitis. DL and Er:YAG had limited valid benefits. Due to insufficient long-term data, the sustained effects of these treatments and their roles in preventing lesion recurrence and maintaining implant survival are still undetermined. A network meta-analysis of 33 RCTs found that photodynamic therapy (PDT) had the most consistent statistically supported benefits, with significant improvements versus CON in PD, PI, CBL, GI, and BI, but not in BOP or CAL. Although PDT also showed the most favorable SUCRA based ranking profile, SUCRA reflects ranking probability rather than effect magnitude, certainty of evidence, or definitive clinical superiority. DL did not show statistically significant superiority over CON, and Er:YAG showed a significant benefit versus CON only for BI. These findings support considering PDT as a minimally invasive adjunct to mechanical debridement when clinically appropriate, while emphasizing that treatment selection should be guided by statistically robust effects, CrI precision, patient-specific factors, and the limitations of the underlying evidence network. Importantly, the current evidence mainly reflects short term clinical response. Whether PDT provides sustained disease control, reduces recurrence, or improves long term implant survival remains to be confirmed in well powered trials with longer follow-up.

PMID 43012816
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PubMedClinical drug investigation2026-11-11

Mechanism, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Role of Nerandomilast in Fibrotic Lung Diseases.

Daas Omar O, Al Sa'ed Mohamad M, Abuhamdan Asem A, Hamad Mohammad M et al.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) are chronic, progressive interstitial lung diseases associated with poor prognosis and few effective treatment options. Nintedanib and pirfenidone remain the cornerstones of antifibrotic therapy, yet both are limited by their tolerability issues and fail to stop the disease progression in many patients. Nerandomilast (Jascayd®; BI 1015550) is an oral, preferential PDE4B inhibitor designed to suppress pro-fibrotic inflammation, with an acceptable and generally manageable safety profile. This structured narrative review examines its mechanism of action, clinical evidence, and place in the management of fibrotic lung diseases. Preclinical work demonstrated consistent anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity across several experimental models. In a 12-week Phase 2 IPF trial, nerandomilast stabilized forced vital capacity (FVC) regardless of background antifibrotic use. Both Phase 3 trials, FIBRONEER-IPF and FIBRONEER-ILD, met their primary endpoint, with nerandomilast 9 mg and 18 mg twice daily significantly reducing FVC decline at 52 weeks versus placebo. In IPF, the 18 mg and 9 mg doses reduced FVC decline by 68.8 mL (p < 0.001) and 44.9 mL (p = 0.02); in PPF, reductions reached 67.2 mL (18 mg) and 81.1 mL (9 mg) (both p < 0.001). The key secondary composite endpoint was not met in IPF and did not reach significance in PPF, and patient-reported outcomes were similar between groups. Diarrhea was the most frequent adverse event, causing discontinuation in up to 6.1% of patients, while no imbalance in depression, suicidality, or potential drug-induced liver injury was observed and no photosensitivity was reported. Overall, nerandomilast represents an additional treatment option for IPF and PPF. Longer-term data, head-to-head trials, and biomarker-guided studies will be essential to fully define its role in clinical practice.

PMID 43009718
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PubMedRSC advances2026-11-11

One-dimensional Bi-Br pyrazinamide-based hybrid halide perovskite: crystal architecture, intermolecular interactions, and structure-optical properties relationship.

Alibi Amin A, Elleuch Nour N, Khdhiri Emna E, Shova Sergiu S et al.

A one-dimensional bismuth bromide organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite based on protonated pyrazinamide cations, (C5H6N3O)2·[BiBr5], is reported and comprehensively investigated. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals a perovskite-related architecture built from corner-sharing [BiBr6] octahedra forming one-dimensional chains, stabilized by a dense network of N-H⋯Br and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds together with significant π-π stacking interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis quantitatively confirms the dominance of halogen-mediated hydrogen bonding in governing the supramolecular organization. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy establishes the material as a direct-band-gap semiconductor with an optical gap of ∼2.8 eV, supported by a sharp absorption edge, low Urbach energy, and consistent threshold wavelength analysis. Photoluminescence measurements reveal a single intense phosphorescent emission centered at 540 nm, with CIE coordinates located in the yellowish-green region. Density functional theory calculations, including DOS, PDOS, ELF, LOL, and NCI-RDG analyses, provide microscopic insight into the electronic structure and intermolecular interactions, highlighting charge-transfer contributions from the inorganic sublattice to the organic moiety near the band edges. The combined results establish clear structure-property correlations in this lead-free Bi-based hybrid system and underline its relevance within the broader family of perovskite-inspired semiconductors.

PMID 43011874
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PubMedFrontiers in oral health2026-11-11

The oral exposome and environment-related diseases of hard and soft oral tissues: a comprehensive review.

Aliberti Angelo A, Coppola Noemi N, Gasparro Roberta R, Trosino Oreste O et al.

The oral cavity is continuously exposed to environmental, lifestyle-related, microbial, and systemic influences capable of altering tissue homeostasis and contributing to chronic oral disease. Environmental exposures may interact through inflammatory, microbial, and metabolic pathways affecting both hard and soft oral tissues. This review critically synthesizes current evidence on environment-related oral diseases within the framework of the oral exposome, focusing on environmental determinants, biological mechanisms, tissue alterations, and implications for oral surgery, implantology, regenerative procedures, and precision oral medicine. A comprehensive narrative review was conducted through electronic searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published up to April 2026. English-language articles evaluating relationships between environmental exposure and oral tissue alterations were included. Evidence regarding environmental pollutants, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary factors, occupational exposures, and other external determinants was critically analyzed together with host-related modifiers, including salivary dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, systemic disease, and chronic inflammatory conditions. The review considered exposure-associated alterations involving dental hard tissues, periodontal and peri-implant structures, oral mucosa, salivary homeostasis, and oral microbial ecology. The strength of evidence varied substantially across exposure-outcome relationships. The most mature human evidence concerned conventional tobacco smoking and selected carcinogenic exposures, whereas associations involving air pollution, heavy metals, occupational toxicants, electronic cigarettes, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and emerging contaminants showed greater heterogeneity and, for several outcomes, relied substantially on observational, experimental, or mechanistic evidence. Across these different levels of evidence, recurrent pathways included oxidative stress, inflammation, microbial dysbiosis, epithelial dysfunction, and altered tissue homeostasis. The oral exposome provides a useful framework for understanding the multifactorial nature of oral disease and the interaction among environmental exposure, microbial ecology, host response, and tissue homeostasis.

PMID 43011805
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