Drug Database
EX

exenatide (Exapride Pen / SPIL1033 / Exapride)

✓ Approved

Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Limited · GLP1R · Small Molecule

What is exenatide?

exenatide is a small molecule developed by Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Limited. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesExapride Pen, SPIL1033, Exapride
CompanySun Pharma Advanced Research Company Limited
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGLP1R
RouteInjectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Limited

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

exenatide acts on 1 molecular target:

GLP1Rglucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R, GLP-1-R)
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Therapeutic Indications

exenatide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedZhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology2026-11-11

[A Single-center clinical study of electrophysiological appropriate technology in the treatment of idiopathic asthenozoospermia patients with high sperm DNA fragmentation index].

Guo Jintao J, Zhu Xinning X, Xu Zhenhan Z, Lü Linyan L et al.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of electrophysiological appropriate technology in patients with idiopathic asthenozoospermia accompanied by high sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI > 15%). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 92 patients with asthenozoospermia accompanied by elevated DFI who attended the Reproductive Medicine Center of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between March 2021 and February 2026 and completed one course of standardized electrophysiological appropriate technology treatment. Before and after treatment, all patients underwent visualized precise electrodiagnosis, routine semen analysis and DFI assessment, and pregnancy outcomes of their partners were followed up. Results After treatment, scrotal temperature decreased significantly compared with that before treatment (32.58 ［32.00，34.12］ ℃ vs 32.04 ［31.07，33.48］ ℃, P<0.01), whereas no statistically significant differences were observed at other sites (P>0.05). The percentage of progressive motility (PR) increased significantly after treatment (14.00% ［8.00%，25.00%］ vs 24.00% ［12.00%，35.75%］, P<0.01), while semen volume and sperm concentration showed no statistically significant differences before and after treatment (P>0.05). The DFI after treatment decreased significantly compared with that before treatment (［47.33 ± 11.05］ % vs ［37.22 ± 14.90］ %, P<0.01). Efficacy evaluation showed that the response rate for improvement in asthenozoospermia was 80.43%. The response rate for DFI improvement was 66.30%, and the combined response rate (based on simultaneous evaluation of PR and DFI) was 63.04%. Conclusion Electrophysiological appropriate techniques can reduce local scrotal temperature in patients with idiopathic asthenozoospermia accompanied by elevated DFI, improve PR, and decrease DFI, suggesting that it may serve as an optional adjunctive intervention for this patient population.

PMID 43012213
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-11-10

Femtosecond Laser Achieving High-Entropy Alloys Composited Multiscale Structures Toward Efficient Crude Oil Transport.

Pei Jiaqing J, Yin Kai K, Wang Lingxiao L, Song Xinghao X et al.

Crude oil becomes highly viscous and may solidify at low temperatures, reducing pipeline throughput and increasing transport energy demand. Conventional heating systems require complex infrastructure and substantial energy input, limiting their use in low-energy, high-performance oil transport. Here, we report a flash femtosecond laser route that creates an in situ photothermal superhydrophobic high-entropy alloy nanoparticle (HEA-NPs)/aluminum surface for solar-assisted crude oil transport. The transient heating and quenching generated by the laser produce FeCoNiCrMnLa HEA-NPs and distribute them uniformly across the hierarchical aluminum substrate (HEAs/PA). After vacuum annealing of HEAs/PA, the resulting multiscale structures (HEAs/MS) surface contains a microscale pyramid array structure, nanoscale porous coral reef structure, and HEA-NPs, providing strong photothermal conversion and superhydrophobicity. It exhibits an average absorptance of ∼96.6% across the visible and near-infrared regions and reaches ∼71.9°C under 1 sun, while its water contact angle (WCA) is ∼155.4° and remains stable after multiple durability tests. As a transport pipe, HEAs/MS reduces crude oil viscosity and delivers a flow rate up to 4 times that of pristine aluminum under 1 sun. This work offers a convenient method for synthesizing metal-based high-entropy alloy nanoparticles and also provides a low-energy strategy for crude oil transport.

PMID 43004666
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PubMedThe British journal of dermatology2026-11-10

Sex Differences in Birth Cohort Effects for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Olsen Catherine M CM, Whiteman David C DC

The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is rising more rapidly than melanoma across many high-risk populations, but the drivers of this divergence are incompletely understood. cSCC risk is strongly related to cumulative lifetime ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure in a dose-dependent manner; if so, generational shifts in sun exposure may manifest as birth cohort effects. To examine birth cohort effects in cSCC incidence across seven high-risk populations, using melanoma as a comparator, and to determine whether cohort effects differ by sex. We conducted age-period-cohort (APC) modelling of cSCC and invasive melanoma incidence using cancer registry data from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Scotland, the Netherlands, and Tasmania, Australia (1989-2020). Cohort rate ratios, describing incidence relative to a 1959 reference cohort and adjusted for age and period effects, as well as period rate ratios and longitudinal age curves were examined separately by sex. We observed a progressive increase in cohort-specific cSCC risk across successive birth cohorts in both sexes and most populations. The increase was substantially greater in women than in men in five of seven populations, most pronounced in Tasmania, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands, and was present in pre-1959 birth cohorts. In contrast, melanoma cohort effects were broadly similar between sexes, with male effects, if anything, larger in several populations. Rising cSCC incidence has a substantial and potentially modifiable behavioural component, driven by generational increases in cumulative UV exposure that have disproportionately affected women. Reducing lifetime sun exposure, particularly in high ambient UV environments, could meaningfully reduce the future burden of cSCC.

PMID 43008803
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PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-11-10

Environmental and lifestyle factors in multiple sclerosis progression.

Hedström Anna Karin AK

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by marked heterogeneity in inflammatory activity, disability accumulation, and long-term clinical outcomes. Although disease-modifying therapies have substantially improved control of inflammatory disease activity, disability progression remains incompletely explained by treatment exposure and conventional clinical predictors. Environmental and lifestyle factors are increasingly recognized as potential modifiers of disease course after MS onset, but they are often studied in isolation. In this review, we examine evidence linking persistent viral infections, inhalational exposures, sun exposure and vitamin D, obesity, diet and the gut microbiota, physical activity and sleep characteristics to MS disease activity and progression. Across these exposures, several shared pathways emerge, including chronic innate immune activation, persistent adaptive immune stimulation and impaired immune regulation, metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and altered capacity for tissue repair and neuroimmune resilience. We also discuss evidence that environmental effects may depend on host genetic background, particularly human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II variation. Although causal evidence remains incomplete and many studies are limited by reverse causation, residual confounding, and exposure misclassification, integrating environmental, genetic, immune, and metabolic data may help explain heterogeneity in MS outcomes and identify opportunities for more personalized prevention and intervention after disease onset.

PMID 43005840
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PubMedExperimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association2026-11-10

Excessive Intrapancreatic Fat Deposition and the Potential Therapeutic Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review.

Bilal Azam Mohamed M, Al Rashid Sulthan S, Balasubramanian Rajkapoor R, Pakkir Maideen Naina Mohamed NM et al.

Excessive intrapancreatic fat deposition, also called non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease, is marked by abnormal fat accumulation in pancreatic tissue and inked to metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite its clinical importance, intrapancreatic fat deposition lacks standardized diagnostic criteria and is often underdiagnosed. This systematic review explores the pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and clinical relevance of intrapancreatic fat deposition, with particular attention to the therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, supplemented by a post-review verification search, identified six studies (two preclinical and four clinical studies) meeting pre-specified eligibility criteria for original data on a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist intervention with a pancreatic fat outcome, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidance; several sources considered during full-text review are reclassified as secondary literature or as not evaluating a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and are cited instead as background. Preclinical evidence indicates that liraglutide and semaglutide can attenuate pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum stress, islet-cell apoptosis, and lipid dysregulation in diet-induced obesity models. Clinical evidence is mixed: a retrospective study reported a significant reduction in pancreatic fat with liraglutide in patients with intrapancreatic fat deposition, whereas randomised trials of liraglutide, exenatide, and dulaglutide have not consistently shown a significant between-group reduction, and direct pancreatic fat outcome data for semaglutide in humans are lacking. A 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials across glucose-lowering drug classes reported a significant pooled reduction in intrapancreatic fat deposition with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, providing independent, quantitative support for a class effect. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are already established to confer benefits beyond glycaemic control and pancreatic fat, including cardiovascular, renal, and broader weight-related metabolic benefits; their potential role in intrapancreatic fat deposition is one facet of this wider profile rather than a distinct "dual-purpose" mechanism. Given small samples, heterogeneous imaging, and inability to separate pancreas-specific effects from hepatic and visceral fat reductions, evidence suggests an unconfirmed role for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in intrapancreatic fat deposition. Prospective powered trials with standardised imaging and hepatic/visceral fat measurements are needed before clinical practice.

PMID 43008789
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-11-10

Alleviating Passivating Molecule Self-Aggregation and Interfacial Non-Radiative Recombination for High-Performance Two-Dimensional Metal Halide Solar Cells.

Fan Ben B, Zhang Jiahao J, Xu Xiaopeng X, Wu Yihui Y et al.

Two-dimensional metal halides paired with organic active layers form p/n interdigitated heterojunctions that offer broad potential owing to their high stability and extended spectral response. However, inherent defect states at p-type interface frequently cause severe charge accumulation and require efficient passivation. PDAI2 enables passivation via its strong electrostatic potential and dipole moment, yet inevitably induces severe self-aggregation. Thus, we develop a synergistic molecular passivation strategy by introducing CyPAI with a rigid cyclopropyl group into PDAI2 system. Owing to its weaker electrostatic potential and steric hindrance, CyPAI disrupts the hydrogen-bond network of PDAI2, enabling compact and high-coverage passivation. This strategy suppresses interfacial non-radiative recombination, while the reconstructed interfacial dipole moment markedly accelerates the cross-interface extraction kinetics of photogenerated carriers. Meanwhile, the ordered interdigitated p/n heterojunction constructed via nanoimprinting further enhances light trapping and interfacial contact. The optimized devices achieve a champion PCE of 24.34% and a remarkable FF of 85.36%, which is the record value for two-dimensional metal halide solar cells so far. Notably, unencapsulated devices retain over 92% of their initial efficiency after 2,000 h of MPP tracking under 1-sun illumination, demonstrating that this synergistic strategy effectively boosts both the high efficiency and excellent operational stability of p/n heterojunction devices.

PMID 43004802
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