Drug Database
EP

epoetin alfa (Epiao 36000IU)

✓ Approved

3SBio · EPOR · Recombinant Proteins

What is epoetin alfa?

epoetin alfa is a recombinant proteins developed by 3SBio. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEpiao 36000IU
Company3SBio
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetEPOR
RouteInjectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, 3SBio

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

epoetin alfa acts on 1 molecular target:

EPORerythropoietin receptor (EPO-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

epoetin alfa is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAnaemia✓ Approved
Blood and lymphatic system disordersNephrogenic anaemia✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedDrug testing and analysis2026-10-22

Doping Control Analysis of Darbepoetin Alfa Biosimilars in Human Urine, Serum, Plasma, and Dried Blood Spots.

Akiyama Kentaro K, Sakurai Hikaru H, Sato Mitsuhiko M, Momobayashi Atsushi A et al.

Following the patent expiration of the originator darbepoetin alfa, three biosimilar products have been marketed in Japan; however, their detectability by current anti-doping methods has not yet been verified. The present study assessed whether these biosimilars can be detected in human urine, serum, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS) using the established initial testing procedure and confirmation analysis for erythropoietin-receptor agonists. The originator product and three biosimilars (5 μg, i.v.) were administered to healthy male volunteers. Samples collected up to 72 h postdose were subjected to immunopurification followed by sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SAR-PAGE) as the initial testing procedure. Confirmation was performed by SAR-PAGE with double blotting for serum and plasma. DBS and urine samples were confirmed by SAR-PAGE using an alternative antibody, and urine samples were further examined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). SAR-PAGE analysis of the pharmaceutical preparations revealed product-specific electrophoretic profiles: two biosimilars migrated slightly above one originator product as diffused smears, whereas the third produced a sharp band comparable to that of another originator product. Similar profiles were observed in postdose samples from all biological matrices, and all biosimilars remained detectable in urine, serum, plasma, and DBS for at least 72 h. Although some biosimilars showed distinct SAR-PAGE banding patterns, product attribution remained limited. LC-MS/MS confirmed administered darbepoetin alfa in the 24 h urine samples but did not detect analyte in lower concentration samples, indicating that its performance was concentration-dependent. Accordingly, SAR-PAGE should incorporate reference standards beyond the originator product, particularly those with different band morphologies.

PMID 42902912
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PubMedKidney research and clinical practice2026-10-22

Clinical effects of third doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines among hemodialysis patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.

Cho AJin A, Jeong Seon A SA, Seo Yu Bin YB, Park Hayne Cho HC et al.

Evidence on the effectiveness of third-dose messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination during the Omicron-dominant period in Asian hemodialysis (HD) patients remains limited. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of a third mRNA vaccine dose against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, hospitalization, and mortality in Korean HD patients. Using the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency-National Health Insurance Service database, we conducted a nationwide cohort study of HD patients aged ≥18 years who received two or three doses of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 before January 16, 2022. Study outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and death. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations between third-dose vaccination and clinical outcomes. Among 66,389 HD patients (mean age, 65.7 ± 12.9 years; 60.5% male), 55,125 (83.0%) received three vaccine doses and 11,264 (17.0%) received two doses. Receipt of three doses was associated with a significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.60). Among 17,886 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, third-dose vaccine recipients had a lower risk of hospitalization (aHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.62-0.70) and 30-day mortality (aHR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.30-0.41) compared with those who received two doses. Receipt of mRNA-1273 as the third dose was associated with lower observed risks of infection and hospitalization than receipt of BNT162b2. A third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was associated with lower risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and mortality among HD patients during the Omicron-dominant period. These findings support the clinical importance of booster vaccination in this high-risk population.

PMID 42902884
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PubMedJournal of internal medicine2026-10-22

Habitual tea consumption is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk.

Ye Zichen Z, Wang Yawen Y, Qu Yimin Y, Chen Manman M et al.

Tea consumption has been associated with vascular health, but evidence regarding multidimensional tea-drinking characteristics and their joint associations with other lifestyle factors remains limited. To examine associations of multidimensional tea-drinking characteristics with vascular disease (VD) and assess joint associations and interactions with smoking and physical activity (PA). We included 485,934 participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB). Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for total VD and 12 subtypes. Dose-response relationships and joint associations and interactions of tea consumption with smoking and PA were evaluated. During a mean follow-up of 9.05 years, 14,863 incident VD cases occurred. Habitual tea consumption was associated with lower total VD risk (HR = 0.888, 95%CI 0.857-0.921) and several major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes. Associations varied by tea-drinking characteristics: Black tea showed more consistent inverse associations than green tea, moderate-strength tea was associated with lower risk, whereas 'burning hot' tea was associated with higher VD risk (HR = 1.160, 95%CI 1.090-1.236). Tea intake showed non-linear dose-response associations, with the lowest estimated risk at approximately 6-8 cups/day among weekly drinkers. The combination of habitual tea consumption, non-smoking and high PA was associated with the lowest VD risk (HR = 0.548, 95%CI 0.492-0.609), with evidence of sub-additive tea-PA interaction. Habitual tea consumption was associated with lower VD risk, with associations varying by drinking characteristics and intake level. Tea consumption combined with non-smoking and high PA was associated with the lowest risk. These findings support considering multidimensional tea-drinking and lifestyle patterns in vascular health research.

PMID 42902821
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PubMedCPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology2026-10-22

Machine Learning-Augmented Precision Dosing: Integrating Pharmacokinetic Modeling With Clinical Decision Support.

Pang Yunmeng Y, Zhang Bingqi B, He Zhiqiu Z, Li Yuliu Y et al.

Inter-individual variability in drug exposure can lead to ineffective therapy or toxicity, particularly in vulnerable patients. Routine model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) relies mainly on population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models, Bayesian forecasting, and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has a complementary role in extrapolation to special populations, evaluation of drug-drug interactions, and simulation of unobserved scenarios, but it remains uncommon for bedside dose adjustment. Machine learning (ML) may provide additional support when critical illness, organ dysfunction, or polypharmacy creates complex nonlinear relationships. The increasing availability of electronic health records, real-world data, and high-dimensional biomedical datasets has accelerated interest in ML for precision dosing. ML can support exposure prediction, limited-sampling AUC estimation, outcome-risk stratification, and monitoring prioritization. Its clinical role depends on the decision target, the availability of concentration data, and whether pharmacological constraints are retained within the modeling architecture. This review covers direct prediction models, limited-sampling AUC estimators, hybrid pharmacometric-ML models, neural ordinary differential equation approaches, and reinforcement learning for sequential dose decisions. We examine data sources, feature engineering, validation, reporting, and governance across glycopeptides, beta-lactams, polymyxins, triazole antifungals, and immunosuppressants. We also describe a staged clinical workflow in which concentration measurements and mechanistic models are used to calibrate data-driven predictions, and we identify the evidence needed for clinical implementation.

PMID 42902867
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PubMedZhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics2026-10-22

[Assessment of myocardial injury following anthracycline chemotherapy in children with leukemia by echocardiography].

Xia Ya-Lin YL, Jiang Wen W, Sun Jie-Fan JF, Zhou Xu-Fang XF et al.

To evaluate the clinical value of echocardiography in assessing myocardial injury following anthracycline chemotherapy in children with leukemia. A total of 267 children with leukemia who received anthracycline-based chemotherapy at Suzhou Wujiang District Children's Hospital from June 2020 to May 2025 were enrolled. Based on cardiac troponin I levels, the children were divided into a myocardial injury group (n=81) and a non-myocardial injury group (n=186). Clinical data, myocardial injury markers, and echocardiographic parameters were compared between groups. A random forest algorithm was used to screen for influencing factors, and multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify independent predictors. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive performance of individual and combined factors, and the DeLong test was employed to compare combined diagnostic performance across sex- and age-stratified subgroups. Random forest analysis indicated the lowest out-of-bag error rate when the model included left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cumulative anthracycline dose, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, left ventricular end-systolic volume index, E-wave velocity, A-wave velocity, and E-wave velocity/A-wave velocity (E/A) ratio. Multivariable logistic regression showed that cumulative anthracycline dose (OR=8.998, 95%CI: 4.759-15.013), and pre-chemotherapy LVEF (OR=7.714, 95%CI: 3.985-14.932), E/A ratio (OR=12.207, 95%CI: 6.269-23.769), E-wave velocity (OR=5.842, 95%CI: 2.959-11.532), and A-wave velocity (OR=7.114, 95%CI: 3.913-12.933) were independent predictors of myocardial injury following chemotherapy (P<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combined diagnostic model achieved superior predictive performance compared with any single indicator, with an area under the curve of 0.936, sensitivity of 0.820, and specificity of 0.917; predictive efficacy was maintained in both sex- and age-stratified subgroups. A combined model integrating echocardiographic parameters (LVEF, E-wave velocity, A-wave velocity, and E/A ratio) with cumulative anthracycline dose demonstrates high predictive efficacy for post-chemotherapy myocardial injury in children with leukemia and is applicable across sexes and age groups.

PMID 42902721
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PubMedFrontiers in oncology2026-10-22

Complications of clozapine cessation in the context of chemotherapy-related neutropenia-a case report.

Sweeney Colm C, Rush Gavin G, O'Dwyer Sarah S, Mac Eochagain Colm C et al.

Clozapine is the gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). It requires strict monitoring of full blood count (FBC), due to the risk of neutropenia and agranulocytosis. AB is a woman in her mid-40s with TRS, diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast. She was commenced on a chemotherapy regimen of docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab. Four days after the initial infusion, AB developed neutropenia with an absolute neutrophil count of 0.2 × 109/L. In accordance with local protocols and discussion with the Clozapine Patient Monitoring Service (CPMS), clozapine was immediately discontinued. Two weeks after clozapine cessation, AB displayed catatonic symptoms characterised by mutism, posturing, and automatic obedience, scoring 27 on the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS). A positive lorazepam challenge confirmed the diagnosis of clozapine-withdrawal catatonia. Despite regular high-dose benzodiazepines and treatment with antipsychotics, AB's presentation continued to deteriorate, characterised by prominent delusions and hallucinations, impeding oncological treatment. AB was seen extensively by liaison psychiatry and treated with high-dose typical and atypical antipsychotics; however, she failed to respond adequately to treatment. Given AB's extensive previous history of management on clozapine without previous haematological disturbance and ongoing decline in mental state, coupled with the timeline of symptoms 4 days after the administration of chemotherapy agents associated with neutropenia, namely, carboplatin, the decision was taken to reinstate clozapine. Following titration of clozapine and transfer to a specialist psychiatric unit, AB's symptoms resolved rapidly, allowing for the successful completion of chemotherapy. Carboplatin was omitted in subsequent cycles, with no further episodes of neutropenia. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of neutropenia in psychiatric patients on clozapine, who are also undergoing treatment for comorbid medical conditions. The presence of neutropenia in clozapine patients may lead to diagnostic overshadowing and delay the diagnosis of the underlying cause of neutropenia, resulting in delays to treatment as well as unnecessary cessation of clozapine and risk of relapse. Furthermore, this case highlights the risk of catatonia associated with the withdrawal of clozapine and the importance of its rapid identification and management. Clinicians should consider differing aetiologies of neutropenia in clozapine patients, especially those undergoing chemotherapy. Furthermore, clinicians should be skilled in recognising catatonia and initiating prompt treatment.

PMID 42903121
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