Drug Database
ME

methylene blue (Lumeblue / methylene blue MMX)

✓ Approved

Cosmo Pharmaceuticals · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is methylene blue?

methylene blue is a small molecule developed by Cosmo Pharmaceuticals. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesLumeblue, methylene blue MMX
CompanyCosmo Pharmaceuticals
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Cosmo Pharmaceuticals

Therapeutic Indications

methylene blue is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersGastrointestinal mucosal necrosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-22

Highly Efficient and Cytocompatible Panchromatic Photoinitiators for Photopolymerization and High-Resolution 3D Printing beyond 450 nm.

Gao Tong T, Zhang Jing J, Peng Xiaotong X, Schmitt Michael M et al.

This study comprehensively elucidated the wavelength-responsive range of phenothiazine photoinitiators (P1 and P2) and the mechanism of single electron transfer (SET) between them and iodonium salt (Iod). Theoretical calculations provided precise predictions regarding the thermodynamic feasibility, electrochemical driving force, and preferred SET pathway of this reaction. These conclusions were quantitatively confirmed through photophysical characterization, electrochemical analysis, and electron spin resonance spin-trapping investigations. Unlike many conventional photoinitiating systems that remained ineffective beyond the blue light spectrum, the P2 compound exhibited a broad initiation window spanning from near-ultraviolet to red light. Notably, during photopolymerization under red light irradiation, the P2/Iod system achieved a reaction rate approximately six times faster than that of the previously reported phenothiazine derivatives. Furthermore, the P1/Iod and P2/Iod systems maintained excellent photoinitiation performance under sunlight and smartphone flashlight irradiation. Importantly, the P1/Iod system enabled long-wavelength (460 nm) digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing with micrometer-scale surface features. In addition, P1 showed significantly lower cytotoxicity than the commercial photoinitiator diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) at high concentrations. These findings offer a rational strategy for the design of low-toxicity and panchromatic photoinitiating systems for high-precision additive manufacturing.

PMID 42902924
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of microbiology and biotechnology2026-10-22

Live and Heat-Killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HY7715 Attenuate D-Galactose-Induced Aging-Related Brain Changes and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption with Gut Microbiota Modulation in Mice.

Baik Jimin J, Gwon Hyeonjun H, Kim Joo-Yun JY, Shim Jae-Jung JJ et al.

Aging is associated with changes in systemic homeostasis, intestinal barrier integrity, and brain function. This study investigated the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HY7715 on aging-related alterations in a D-galactose-induced accelerated aging mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were administered D-galactose for 8 weeks and orally treated with live or heat-killed HY7715. D-galactose increased circulating advanced glycation end products (AGEs), blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, hippocampal inflammation, and aging-related molecular changes, while impairing cortical and colonic tight junction-associated markers. Both live and heat-killed HY7715 reduced serum AGE levels, Evans blue leakage, and hippocampal inflammatory responses, while restoring CLDN5 immunoreactivity, tight junction-associated gene expression, and antioxidant-related gene expression. HY7715 also attenuated senescence- and apoptosis-related changes in the hippocampus and colonic tight junction- and inflammation-related gene expression changes. Gut microbiota analysis showed taxon-specific changes following HY7715 treatment, including significant increases in Bifidobacterium in both HY7715-treated groups, whereas live HY7715 was associated with significant changes in microbial community structure. Several microbial taxa were correlated with serum AGEs, BBB permeability, and neuroinflammation-related parameters. Together, these results show that both live and heat-killed HY7715 attenuated multiple aging-related changes in the D-galactose-induced accelerated aging model, accompanied by changes in gut microbiota composition.

PMID 42902892
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in psychiatry2026-10-22

Fight, flight, freeze, fawn: mapping emergency department staff stress responses to workplace violence - a mixed-methods study.

Davids Jennifer J, de Moore Greg G, Brown Martin M, Murphy Margaret M

Workplace violence and aggression are escalating in emergency departments (EDs) globally, yet the self-reported psychological and behavioural responses in clinicians to such stressors remain underexplored. Trauma theory conceptualises stress responses as fight, flight, freeze, and fawn (4Fs); but how these responses manifest in ED staff before, during and after violent incidents has received limited empirical attention. This mixed-methods study analysed data collected between 2019 and 2023 across four emergency departments within one Australian local health district. Data sources included semi-structured interviews (2019; n = 20), focus groups (2021; n = 30 participants), a cross-sectional survey (2023; n = 61), and follow-up interviews (2023; n = 12). Qualitative data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis, applying a deductive framework informed by the 4Fs. Quantitative survey data were integrated to examine the distribution of stress responses across reported incidents. Across all data sources, 123 ED staff described 145 coded instances of the 4F stress responses: fight (n=94); flight (n=24), freeze (n=15), and fawn (n=12). Four overarching themes that underpinned these responses were identified: 1) Moral and emotional impact on clinicians, 2) Safety systems interface, 3) Organisational constraints and environment and 4) Patient Complexity. Participants described sustained hyperarousal, anticipatory vigilance, moral distress, emotional withdrawal, and appeasement behaviours arising from repeated exposure to violence. While Code Black responses were viewed as a structured and effective "organised fight" mechanism, this was compromised by inconsistent training, role ambiguity, and limited post-incident support which contributed to burnout, disengagement, and workforce attrition. Emergency department clinicians operate in persistently threatening environments that drive recurrent activation of fight, flight, freeze, and fawn responses with cumulative individual and system-level consequences. Behavioural emergencies warrant the same level of preparation, standardisation, and organisational support as other high-risk clinical events, such as a Code Blue - a life-threatening medical event with a responding Medical Emergency Team. Trauma-informed education team-based training, and embedded post-incident support are critical to safeguarding staff wellbeing and sustaining the ED workforce.

PMID 42903170
Read full article →
PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-10-21

Helical Multi-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for High-Performance Anti-Quenching Narrowband Blue OLEDs.

Tang Shuai S, Ping Wei W, Zhao Jinyang J, Hua Lei L et al.

Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) has established a new approach for narrowband blue organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), yet effectively suppressing intermolecular interactions especially at high doping concentrations while preserving the intrinsic narrowband emission remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a novel designing paradigm is proposed for achieving anti-quenching narrowband emission in MR-TADF molecules by embedding the indeno[2,1-b]carbazole unit into the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon skeleton. The proof-of-concept emitter DT-BON1 reveals a favorable twist angle of 31.8°, manifesting formation of helical architecture within MR core. As a result, the emission peaks and full width at half maximum show virtually no variation with changing doping concentration from 1 wt% to 20 wt%. Moreover, the photoluminance quantum yields exceed 90% even at 20 wt% doping concentration endowed by the outstanding anti-quenching characteristics. The DT-BON1 based OLEDs can achieve maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of exceeding 30%. Especially, the alleviated exciton quenching effects can be firmly demonstrated by marginally decreased EQEmax values, attaining 29.2% in 10 wt%-based OLEDs and 27.3% even in heavily doped devices (20 wt%), which is at a record high for MR-TADF with blue emission at such high doping concentration.

PMID 42902455
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine2026-10-21

Efficacy and safety of a novel glaucoma drainage tube with a porous outer structure (GDTI-50H) in rabbit eyes.

Wu Wanting W, Yu Suping S, Li Nanjin N, Liang Shan S et al.

We developed a novel glaucoma drainage tube, designated as GDTI-50H. The outer opening end of the drainage tube is provided with multiple drainage holes, which allows for normal drainage of aqueous humor through the remaining holes when one of the drainage holes becomes blocked. It is potentially enhancing the sustained drainage efficiency. Fourteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to receive GDTI-50H implantation in either the right or left eye as the test eye, with the contralateral eye serving as its own control (undergoing sham surgery). Intraocular pressure(IOP) was continuously monitored within 12 weeks postoperatively, combined with slit-lamp microscopy, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, Trypan Blue patency test, and histopathological examination. Results showed that IOP in the test group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 12 weeks postoperatively (all differences were statistically significant, p < 0.05). Anterior segment OCT showed that drainage tube was accurately positioned within the anterior chamber angle without displacement or detachment. The Trypan Blue patency test demonstrated that at 12 weeks postoperatively, Trypan Blue dye could still drain from the anterior chamber into the subconjunctival space in the test group. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining images showed no significant inflammatory cell infiltration around drainage tube. This study demonstrated that after implantation of drainage tube into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes, and it has certain efficacy and safety in controlling IOP.

PMID 42902079
Read full article →
PubMedEnvironmental monitoring and assessment2026-10-21

A simple single-reagent colorimetric method for arsenic speciation analysis: application to the Dongargarh-Kotri region, Central India.

Ganveer Swati S, Pruseth Kamal Lochan KL

In this study, a simple colorimetric method was developed using cupric acetate monohydrate to detect and differentiate arsenic species in groundwater in the Dongargarh-Kotri region, Chhattisgarh, Central India. The method produced precipitate that was distinctly green for As(III) and blue for As(V). The method achieved a detection limit of 5.5  μ g L - 1 in collected groundwater samples and required only one reagent, without any pre- or post-treatment steps. This method also offers a semi-quantitative estimation of the relative proportions of As(III) and As(V). The successful application of this method to contaminated groundwater samples demonstrates its potential as a rapid, low-cost, and field-deployable screening tool for arsenic speciation and monitoring in resource-limited regions.

PMID 42901981
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about methylene blue