Drug Database
PG

PG-201 (Layla / PG201)

✓ Approved

PMG Pharm · therapeutic agent

What is PG-201?

PG-201 is a therapeutic agent developed by PMG Pharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesLayla, PG201
CompanyPMG Pharm
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, PMG Pharm

Therapeutic Indications

PG-201 is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersOsteoarthritis✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersRheumatoid arthritisPhase III

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe Journal of the Association of Physicians of India2026-10-22

Etiology and Left Ventricular Function in Right Bundle Branch Block: A Prospective Observational Study.

Bhardwaj Rajeev R, Nandal Rajesh R, Singh Subeg S, Rawat Pramod P et al.

Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is a common ECG finding. It may be caused by coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive lung disease, or degenerative disease of the conduction system of the heart. The purpose of the study was to find out the etiology and left ventricular function in patients with RBBB coming to a tertiary care hospital. All consecutive patients coming to our hospital on an outdoor or inpatient basis with ECG showing RBBB were studied. Detailed history and physical examination were done. All patients were subjected to echocardiography. 201 patients with RBBB were studied. Mean age was 61.01 ± 12.92 years. 157 were male (78.11%), and 44 (21.89%) were female. The most Common symptom was dyspnea in 81 patients (40.29%) and chest pain in 15 patients(7.46%). Four patients presented with syncope and were proved to have intermittent complete heart block. 95 persons (47.26%) with RBBB had no symptoms, 43 out of which had come for clearance for noncardiac surgery. On echocardiography, left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 32 patients (15.92%), regional wall motion abnormality in 45 patients (22.38%), and left ventricular global hypokinesia in 13 patients (6.46%). LV systolic dysfunction was present in 43 patients (21.39%), and 85 (42.28%) patients had a normal study. The most common presentation in patients was dyspnea. About half of the patients were asymptomatic. Around 20% were detected to have RBBB when they came for clearance for noncardiac surgery. Common causes were coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and cor pulmonale.

PMID 42902665
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PubMedNature communications2026-10-21

Massive release of predominantly magmatic carbon drove an Early Jurassic hyperthermal.

Chen Wenhan W, Wu Yuyang Y, Kemp David B DB, Cui Ying Y et al.

The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ~183 Ma) was a major hyperthermal event in the Phanerozoic, characterised by massive carbon release and widespread organic carbon burial. However, the source(s), flux, and sequestration pathways of carbon remain uncertain. Here, we assimilate globally representative carbon isotope and atmospheric CO2 records into an Earth system model to decipher the carbon cycle during the T-OAE. Our simulations indicate the release of ~18,000 Pg C of predominantly magmatic carbon through the T-OAE, though with an input of carbon from thermogenic and/or biogenic sources at the onset of the event. We show that at least 6800 Pg of organic carbon was buried during the event, which, combined with silicate weathering-driven excess carbon consumption (~6000 Pg C), helped the Earth's climate system to recover from large-scale carbon release. Our results provide quantitative constraints on the tempo, magnitude, and recovery mechanisms of carbon-cycle perturbations during extreme greenhouse intervals.

PMID 42901894
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PubMedJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology2026-10-21

Diagnostic Performance of Urinary Clusterin for Early Detection of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Analysis.

Hasan Mennat Allah Taha MAT, Fahmey Sameh S SS, Ewas Howaida Khairy HK

Urinary Clusterin, a glycoprotein linked to oxidative stress and tubular injury, is being evaluated as a more sensitive biomarker for diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study aims to assess the role of Clusterin in the early detection and prognostication of diabetic kidney disease in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), addressing a critical gap in pediatric clinical data. This case-control study at Beni-Suef University compared 50 children with T1DM (duration ≥5 years) to 40 healthy controls. Assessments included Body Mass Index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profiles. Urinary Clusterin was measured using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to determine the diagnostic performance of urinary Clusterin in detecting diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic cases exhibited significantly higher levels of AST, cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum creatinine compared to the control group. The urinary profile revealed significantly elevated urinary creatinine, albumin, and albumin-to-creatinine ratios in cases, with urinary clusterin levels being significantly higher in children with diabetes (49.7 vs. 32.3 pg/mL, p<0.001) than in healthy controls. Within the case group, urinary clusterin significantly correlated with ALT, serum creatinine, and triglycerides, although no significant associations were found with age, BMI, or HbA1c. At a cutoff value of 37.6 pg/mL, urinary clusterin is a highly effective marker for early detection of diabetic nephropathy with an 80% sensitivity, and 90% specificity. Urinary clusterin is a potential non-invasive biomarker for early diabetic nephropathy in children with T1DM, outperforming traditional measures and offering a promising tool for earlier screening and improved clinical management.

PMID 42902610
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PubMedBiogerontology2026-10-21

Environmental variability versus extrinsic mortality as correlates of mammalian lifespan: a pre-specified comparative analysis with phylogenetic and deep-time evidence.

Li Daicun D

What explains the large variation in lifespan across species? I examine an information-turnover proposition-that ancestral environmental variability should shorten captive lifespan after controlling for body mass, temperature and extrinsic mortality (P1), with a possible lineage-fate interaction (P2)-against the classical extrinsic-mortality prediction that safer niches permit longer life. I state the decision rules in advance rather than register a third-party protocol. Integrating AnAge (4,219 records), PanTHERIA, WorldClim/CHELSA climate and a 4,100-species mammal phylogeny with Pagel's-λ phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS), together with Paleobiology Database fossils across two mass extinctions, the lifespan-mass scaling reproduces (slopes 0.158 mammals, 0.212 birds; P < 10⁻140). P1 is not supported under the most conservative specifications: weak proxy signals attenuate or reverse at λ = 1 and under family fixed effects, and the set of analyses is best read as overlapping sensitivity and robustness checks rather than independent falsifications; equivalence intervals for the climate coefficients exclude large (arboreality-sized) effects but not small ones. A basal-metabolic-rate correlate likewise dissolves at λ = 1. Turning the same pipeline to niche safety, flight, arboreality, aquatic life and hibernation carry positive mass-corrected coefficients in raw and maximum-likelihood-λ contrasts; at λ = 1 in a joint model (n = 652) only multiply-origin arboreality is significant (b = + 0.106 dex, 95% CI 0.065-0.147, P = 5.8 × 10-7), whereas flight and aquatic life are inconclusive with wide confidence intervals. Ancestral reconstruction recovers dozens of independent arboreal gains (42 by parsimony; 45-50 by maximum-likelihood; stochastic-mapping median 70-81, 95% range ≈ 57-94) versus one to a few for flight or aquatic life. Bivalve geographic breadth is associated with survival across the K-Pg and end-Permian extinctions, although the effect weakens after controlling for sampling completeness and is a genus-level extinction phenomenon rather than an individual-lifespan mechanism. Turtles live ≈ 1.8 × longer than same-mass squamates (turtle-squamate comparison n = 179, P = 8 × 10-8). Human lifespan is an extreme outlier on the scaling plane. The comparative evidence is therefore most consistent with a strong association between extrinsic-mortality regime (niche safety) and lifespan, and with no detectable independent role for environmental fluctuation rate at the effect sizes this study could resolve; I report where inference is inconclusive rather than claim a null effect or a decisive causal setting. The focal analyses comprise 977 mammals and 1,063 birds for the scaling law, 798 species with climate data, 878 species with trait contrasts, 652 species in the joint phylogenetic model, and 349 species with basal metabolic rate (298 in the tree-matched model); each result reports its own sample size.

PMID 42902049
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PubMedBMC geriatrics2026-10-21

Effect of aerobic and Pilates exercise on balance, gait, functional capacity, lower extremity strength, fear of falling, sleep quality, and quality of life in older adults.

Abdullah, Mathiyakom Witaya W, Asai Tsuyoshi T, Khan Nasrullah N et al.

The primary objective was to compare the effects of aerobic and Pilates exercise programs on balance, gait performance, functional capacity, lower extremity strength, fear of falling, sleep quality, and quality of life in older adults. A secondary objective was to determine which exercise modality yields greater improvements in these outcomes, thereby providing evidence to guide the selection of effective exercise interventions for promoting health and well-being among the older adults. Forty-four older adults, aged 60-69 years, were randomly assigned into either the aerobic (n = 22) or Pilates exercise group (n = 22). The aerobic group trained three sessions per week (30 min of active exercise per session; 90 min/week), while the Pilates group (PG) trained two sessions per week (45 min of active exercise per session comprising mat, standing, and TheraBand components; 90 min/week), each for eight weeks, yielding equivalent total active exercise volumes (720 min per group). The outcomes of Mini-Balance Evaluation System Test (MBEST), Timed Up and Go test (TUGT), 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Five-Time Sit-to-Stand test (5xSTST) and self-reported questionnaires of the Fall Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and WHOQOL-Brief were collected at baseline and post-treatment. Groups were equivalent at baseline across all measures. Significant Group × Time interaction effects were observed for gait velocity (10MWT) and dynamic balance (MBEST), with the aerobic group demonstrating significantly greater improvements in both (10MWT: p = 0.016; MBEST: p < 0.001). ANCOVA adjusting for baseline score, age, and BMI confirmed these between-group differences (10MWT: p = 0.012; MBEST: p < 0.001). Significant time main effects (p < 0.05) were observed for all remaining outcome measures (TUGT, 5×STST, 2MWT, FES-I, PSQI, all WHOQOL-Brief domains), indicating meaningful within-group improvements shared across both interventions. Both aerobic and Pilates exercise programs produced clinically meaningful improvements in gait velocity, functional capacity, and balance in older adults, with the aerobic group demonstrating significantly greater improvements in dynamic balance. Both interventions additionally reduced fall-risk classifications based on clinical threshold analyses. The findings of this study suggest that aerobic exercise may be the preferred modality for optimizing functional mobility and balance in community-dwelling older adults, though both modalities offer valuable and clinically meaningful health benefits. Future trials equalizing both volume and frequency are warranted to confirm modality-specific effects with full design equivalence. This Clinical Trial is registered with Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR) approved by WHO. Registration number TCTR20240403002. Date of registration 13 March 2024. URL https//www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/#.

PMID 42902197
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PubMedNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026-10-20

Panax ginseng suppresses endothelin-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through inhibition of the local angiotensin II-AT1 receptor signaling axis.

Numata Tomohiro T, Tagashira Hideaki H, Sato-Numata Kaori K, Takayama Ryo R et al.

Panax ginseng (PG) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders in East Asia. Although PG has been reported to attenuate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, the molecular mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective effects remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated whether modulation of the endothelin-1 (ET-1)-angiotensin II (AngII) signaling axis contributes to the anti-hypertrophic action of PG. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were used to evaluate ET-1-induced hypertrophy, and pharmacological experiments using receptor antagonists were performed to examine the signaling pathways involved. Extracellular AngII levels were quantified by ELISA, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation was assessed in AT1AR-overexpressing NRVMs, and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in HEK293T cells co-expressing AT1AR and TRPC6. PG significantly attenuated ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy without altering ETAR or ETBR expression. Pharmacological experiments with the ETAR antagonist BQ-123 suggested that the anti-hypertrophic effect of PG could not be explained solely by direct inhibition of ETAR signaling. PG markedly suppressed ET-1-induced extracellular AngII production, and interaction studies with losartan further implicated the AngII-AT1AR pathway in the anti-hypertrophic action of PG. Moreover, PG inhibited AngII-induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation in AT1AR-overexpressing NRVMs and attenuated AngII-evoked TRPC6-mediated membrane currents without affecting basal channel activity. These findings demonstrate that PG suppresses ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by inhibiting both ET-1-induced AngII production and downstream AT1AR-dependent signaling, identifying suppression of the AngII-AT1AR signaling axis as a key mechanism underlying its cardioprotective effects.

PMID 42900370
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