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aclidinium bromide + formoterol (Eklira+ formoterol / Duaklir / LAS 40464)

✓ Approved

Kyorin · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is aclidinium bromide + formoterol?

aclidinium bromide + formoterol is a small molecule developed by Kyorin. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEklira+ formoterol, Duaklir, LAS 40464
CompanyKyorin
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2, CHRM3
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

aclidinium bromide + formoterol acts on 2 molecular targets:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

aclidinium bromide + formoterol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersChronic obstructive pulmonary disease✓ Approved

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Reconstruction of the Electric Double Layer for Long-Lasting Aqueous Manganese Metal Batteries.

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Aqueous Mn metal batteries (AMMBs) have emerged as promising candidates for stationary energy storage owing to the natural abundance of Mn, their operational safety, and their high energy density. However, the high chemical reactivity of the Mn metal anode induces a severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), resulting in poor cycling reversibility. Fundamentally, HER is a parasitic cathodic reaction competing with Mn electrodeposition and may accompany Mn corrosion. Its kinetics are influenced by the interfacial water environment within the electric double layer (EDL). In this study, we propose a strategy for reconstructing the EDL by adding n-decyltrimethylammonium bromide (10-DTAB), a surfactant with a relatively high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), to the electrolyte to stabilize the Mn anode. The high LUMO energy level enhances its reduction stability, thus preventing continuous decomposition during cycling and enabling sustained interfacial protection. Consequently, the Mn anode exhibits a markedly enhanced Coulombic efficiency of 93%. This study demonstrates a durable EDL regulation paradigm based on high-LUMO additives, offering new insights into stabilizing Mn metal anodes and advancing AMMBs toward practical applications.

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Jellyfish-inspired multilayered responsive hydrogels via micelle-confined photopolymerization for underwater communication and emergency rescue.

Sun Fangrong F, Zhang Tao T, Yu Jinmo J, Deng Aijia A et al.

Hydrogels offer considerable promise as flexible sensors. However, maintaining their stable performance in complex underwater environments characterized by high pressure, high salinity, and temperature fluctuations remains a significant challenge. Inspired by the dynamic adaptive capabilities of jellyfish, this study reports a biomimetic composite conductive hydrogel with multi-level environmental responsiveness, synthesized via the copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and octadecyl methacrylate (OMA), incorporating color-changing microcapsules through a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelle-confined polymerization strategy. The long alkyl chains of OMA promote hydrophobic association networks inside CTAB micelles, endowing the hydrogel with both high strength and exceptional stretchability (fracture strength of 690 kPa; elongation at break 1370%). This hydrogel achieves multi-parameter, synchronized responses to complex marine conditions: strong temperature sensitivity (-15.344%/°C), an electrical response to water-depth pressure (7.13 kPa-1, corresponding to 0-500 m water depth), stable tensile responsiveness, and reversible color changes visible to the naked eye. Building on these capabilities, the hydrogel can monitor human motion in conventional settings and also enable underwater sensing and Morse-code-based information transmission, demonstrating substantial potential for applications for underwater communication and emergency rescue applications.

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Cytotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Common Pesticides on Hepatic and Renal Cell Lines (HepG2 and Hek-293): Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety.

Elghali Fares F, Bedchich Kawther K, Kacem Nour N, Aifa Mohamed Sami MS

Modern agricultural practices expose humans and the environment to numerous chemical pesticides. Increasing evidence suggests that commercial pesticide formulations may exhibit toxicological properties that differ from those of their active ingredients alone due to the presence of co-formulants and additives. This study evaluated the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of commonly used commercial pesticide formulations in Tunisia on human hepatic (HepG2) and renal (HEK-293) cell lines. The tested formulations contained deltamethrin, permethrin, abamectin, imidacloprid, mancozeb, sulfur, alpha-chloralose, 2,4-D-2-ethylhexyl ester, florasulam, cloquintocet-mexyl, clodinafop-propargyl, and pinoxaden. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), and membrane damage was evaluated using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values were determined for each formulation. Moncozeb exhibited the highest cytotoxicity in both cell lines, whereas sulfur and alpha-chloralose showed the lowest toxicity. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements revealed significant oxidative stress following exposure to several formulations, which was associated with reduced cell viability and increased LDH release. Microscopic examination further demonstrated nuclear alterations consistent with apoptosis and necrosis in exposed cells. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating complete commercial pesticide formulations, rather than active ingredients alone, when assessing potential cytotoxic and oxidative effects. The results support the inclusion of formulation-based testing in toxicological risk assessment to better characterize potential human health hazards associated with pesticide exposure.

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Fan Chao C, Ge Dongdong D, Zhang Yaheng Y, Zhang Qinggang Q et al.

The rapid anion exchange between chloride (Cl-) and bromide (Br-), accompanied by remarkable photoluminescence (PL) shifts, enables CsPbBr3 perovskites to exhibit excellent selectivity for Cl- detection. However, CsPbBr3 nanocrystals stabilized by organic ligands usually exhibit limited applicability for Cl- detection in water, because the hydrophobic ligands prevent direct contact with aqueous Cl- and restrict interfacial ion-exchange kinetics. Ligand-free CsPbBr3-based perovskites synthesized by solid-state methods generally suffer from poor stability in aqueous environments and weak fluorescence, arising from their intrinsic ionic nature, abundant defect states, and large grain size, which severely limit their application in fluorescence sensing. Herein, metallic bismuth (Bi) with strong affinity toward Cl- was introduced to form composites with ligand-free CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 perovskites, constructing multi-branched CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6/Bi composites (CPB-Bi) for Cl- detection in ethanol-water environments. The incorporation of Bi provides a robust structural framework and interfacial protection, significantly improving the stability of perovskite components in polar solvent environments. Additionally, the amount of water in ethanol induces partial reconstruction of Cs4PbBr6 into CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and passivates surface defects, resulting in enhanced radiative recombination and greatly improved PL intensity. Owing to the rapid reaction between the nanosized perovskite materials and chloride ions, the detection time was significantly reduced to 10 min. Based on the Cl-/Br- anion exchange mechanism, a linear relationship between PL peak positions and Cl- concentrations was established. The optimized CPB-Bi10 (10 mmol Bi) sensor achieved a chloride detection accuracy of 95.65% in wastewater samples at Cl- concentrations up to 10,000 ppm. The sensor exhibits outstanding sensitivity, high selectivity, and robust anti-interference capability, offering a facile strategy for designing ligand-free perovskite-based fluorescent sensors for environmental ion monitoring.

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Glycopyrronium bromide, formoterol fumarate dihydrate and their related compounds with UPLC/PDA-MS for simultaneous determination in pressurized metered-dose inhaler product.

Seckin Serdar S, Aslan Serap Saglik SS

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) technique with photodiode array-mass spectrometry (PDA-MS) detectors has been developed and validated for the determination of glycopyrronium bromide (GB), formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FFD) and their related substances in pressurized meter dose inhalers. This marks the first time the method has been implemented. Chromatographic analyses have been carried out on a UPLC system with a single quadrupole mass spectrometer (QDa) and a PDA detector. A C18 column has been used prior to the injection valve. The column temperature was set to 40°C. For each analysis, 1 μL of sample was injected at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/minute. The mobile phases used were A (0.5% formic acid in methanol) and B (0.5% formic acid in water). The total run time of the method was 30 minutes. The PDA detector was employed at 215 nm while the mass detector was set to extracted ion chromatography (XIC) mode. The range for detecting impurities of GB was found to be between 0.28 and 0.30 ng/mL, with a limits of 0.92-1.01 ng/mL for quantification. GB and FFD demonstrated linear accuracy. We studied the accuracy of related substances within the limit of quantification value range of corresponding impurities and up to 400% of the limit value. The method we used was linear, rapid, reproducible and accurate. Our proposed method is fast, linear, accurate and reproducible. The UPLC-MS method, which utilized QDa with XIC mode, was developed to ascertain the related substances and assay of GB and FFD.

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