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trimethoprim hydrochloride (Primsol)

✓ Approved

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is trimethoprim hydrochloride?

trimethoprim hydrochloride is a small molecule developed by Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesPrimsol
CompanySun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Therapeutic Indications

trimethoprim hydrochloride is developed for 3 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsOtitis media✓ Approved
Ear and labyrinth disordersMiddle ear inflammation✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsUrinary tract infection✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of AOAC International2026-10-22

Development of a Simple and Rapid HPLC-UV Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride and Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride in Aqueous Matrix.

Soon Wan Chi WC, Bin Abdullah Ahmad Zuhairi AZ, Mohd Din Azam Taufik AT

Reliable and effective methods capable of simultaneously determining ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) can be useful when concentrations fall within the validated working range. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (RP-HPLC-UV) method for simultaneous determination of CIP and OTC in aqueous matrices. The separation was performed using an Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated for linearity, precision, selectivity, recovery, sensitivity, robustness and system suitability. Matrix performance was assessed using fortified lake-water samples. Linearity over the concentration range of 10-25 mg/L, with R² values of 0.9947 for OTC and 0.9923 for CIP was achieved. The LOD values were 1.40 mg/L for OTC and 1.69 mg/L for CIP, while the corresponding LOQ values were 4.24 and 5.11 mg/L, respectively. Peak-area RSDs were below 1% in both intraday and interday precision studies. Recoveries in fortified lake water ranged from 91.12-109.13% for OTC and 82.88-107.72% for CIP and from 95.84-104.91% and 89.56-112.88%, respectively, in interday analysis. Robustness testing showed that satisfactory chromatographic separation was maintained under the investigated variations in flow rate, column temperature, and detection wavelength. The HPLC-UV approach was applicable for the simultaneous determination of CIP and OTC in aqueous samples containing relatively elevated concentrations of the target antibiotics. The method is not intended for direct trace-level determination in typical environmental waters without an appropriate preconcentration step. A simple RP-HPLC-UV method was developed for the simultaneous determination of CIP and OTC. The method is applicable to aqueous samples containing relatively elevated antibiotic concentrations.

PMID 42902795
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PubMedFrontiers in veterinary science2026-10-22

Antimicrobial resistance profiling of Streptococcus suis isolated from neurological cases in Chilean pigs.

Larenas-Muñoz Fernanda F, Videla-Martínez Francisca F, Ruiz-Garrido Álvaro Á

Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic bacterium, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains representing an increasing concern for both animal and public health. This report describes the pathological findings and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of MDR S. suis isolates recovered from the central nervous system of two pigs from a commercial swine farm in south-central Chile. Brain and spinal cord samples were examined by histopathology and microbiological culture, followed by bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using an antibiogram and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis. Histopathological examination revealed non-suppurative inflammatory lesions characterized by mononuclear perivascular cuffing, consistent with meningoencephalomyelitis and myelitis. S. suis was isolated from the brain and/or spinal cord of both pigs. MIC testing demonstrated resistance to spectinomycin, ampicillin/amoxicillin, ceftiofur, penicillin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, clindamycin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, tylosin tartrate, tiamulin, sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline, indicating an MDR phenotype. Both isolates remained susceptible to gentamicin, while variable susceptibility was observed for danofloxacin, neomycin, tulathromycin, tiamulin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of MDR S. suis associated with neurological disease in pigs from Chile. These findings provide additional information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis in Chile and support the need for broader antimicrobial resistance surveillance under a One Health framework, as well as the prudent use of antimicrobials in swine production.

PMID 42903082
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PubMedBMC infectious diseases2026-10-21

Disseminated Nocardia brasiliensis causing septic arthritis in a patient with non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma: a case report.

Jundi Issa I, Asad Wafa W, Mehotra Priyanka P, Reyes-Corcho Andres A

Nocardia brasiliensis is classically associated with localized cutaneous infection and is a rare cause of disseminated disease. Septic arthritis due to Nocardia species is atypical and has rarely been reported without antecedent trauma. We present a case of N. brasiliensis septic arthritis in a patient with active solid organ malignancy. An 80-year-old male with non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease stage 3b presented with refractory soft tissue infections of the left upper and right lower extremities despite prior incision and drainage and oral antibiotics. Hospital course was complicated by progressive right knee effusion. Synovial fluid analysis demonstrated 87,000 white blood cells per microliter, 95% neutrophils, glucose less than 20 mg/dL, and no crystals. Nocardia brasiliensis was cultured from multiple noncontiguous sites, including the left upper extremity abscess, right knee synovial fluid, and right lower extremity lesions. Susceptibility testing demonstrated a broad antimicrobial profile but resistance to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and aminoglycosides were relatively contraindicated due to renal function. The patient required right knee arthroscopy with irrigation, debridement, and complete synovectomy, multiple interventional radiology-guided drainages, and prolonged combination antimicrobial therapy with ceftriaxone, linezolid, and minocycline. His course was further complicated by persistent encephalopathy and severe malnutrition requiring enteral nutrition. At the time of reporting, the patient demonstrated clinical improvement of cutaneous and musculoskeletal lesions but remained hospitalized for non-infectious complications. This case highlights that Nocardia brasiliensis can cause disseminated musculoskeletal infection including septic arthritis in immunocompromised patients without clear environmental exposure. In patients with chronic kidney disease, standard first-line therapies may be contraindicated, making early species identification and susceptibility-guided therapy essential, particularly given the potential for carbapenem resistance. The central lesson is that empiric carbapenem therapy may fail in N. brasiliensis and that renal impairment narrows treatment options, so timely identification and susceptibility-directed therapy directly determine management, particularly when advanced malignancy further constrains care.

PMID 42902226
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PubMedCutaneous and ocular toxicology2026-10-20

Ex vivo evaluation of corneal permeation and irritation potential associated with proparacaine hydrochloride misuse.

Gonzalez-Jimenez Natalia C NC, Lozano María C MC, Baena Yolima Y

Proparacaine hydrochloride is a topical ocular anesthetic widely used in diagnostic procedures. Although generally safe when properly administered, repeated or unsupervised use has been associated with clinically relevant corneal injury. In contexts where access to topical anesthetics is insufficiently controlled, misuse may result in cumulative epithelial damage and vision-threatening complications. Despite clinical reports and experimental evidence of corneal toxicity, quantitative data linking exposure conditions to structural corneal damage under controlled ex vivo settings remain limited, particularly regarding dose-injury relationships at the tissue level. Porcine corneas were mounted in Franz diffusion cells to quantify permeation by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and evaluate corneal histopathological changes. Both pure proparacaine and the commercial 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution (Alcaine®, Alcon) were assessed under therapeutic (2.25 mg/mL), abuse (4.5 mg/mL), and infinite-dose (53.152 mg/mL) conditions. Negative (phosphate-buffered saline) and positive (99.5% ethanol) controls were included for histopathological assessment. ANOVA was applied to permeation data, and histopathological scores were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Proparacaine showed low permeability (9.33 × 10-7 cm/s), with only a small fraction of the applied dose permeating across the cornea during the experimental period. Permeation increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. High-dose and infinite-dose exposure conditions resulted in marked epithelial damage, including spongiosis, chromatin condensation, and desquamation, with severity comparable to that induced by ethanol used as a positive control. Differences between formulations were primarily driven by concentration rather than formulation composition, and a correlation was observed between cumulative permeation and the extent of epithelial injury. Proparacaine demonstrates dose-dependent permeation and histopathological changes, emphasizing the risks associated with misuse. The ex vivo model provides relevant and ethically aligned evidence to support ocular hazard assessment through the characterizing of histopathological changes.

PMID 42900757
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PubMedBMC gastroenterology2026-10-20

Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorates methylphenidate hydrochloride-induced colonic inflammatory responses and associated gastrointestinal distress.

Yao Jinwen J, Gao Xia X, Zhu Lin L, Wang Linlin L et al.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, with methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) as its first-line pharmacotherapy. Though effective, MPH is associated with underrecognized gastrointestinal adverse events warranting further investigation. Recently, the gut microbiota has attracted attention for treating gastrointestinal distress, but research on its role in alleviating MPH-induced gastrointestinal reactions remains scarce. Herein, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) served as controls alongside spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to explore MPH-induced gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions. The gastrointestinal phenotypes, colonic histopathological characteristics, and inflammatory factor levels were evaluated, and the gut microbiota profiles were analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The protective effect of Parabacteroides distasonis (P. distasonis) was further verified by supplementing the treated rats with this strain. We demonstrated MPH induced diarrhea and colonic inflammatory responses in rats. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that MPH-treated rats had significantly decreased gut microbiota health index, increased dysbiosis index, and reduced P. distasonis abundance, suggesting MPH-induced gastrointestinal reactions may correlate closely with reduced P. distasonis. Further experiments confirmed that P. distasonis supplementation effectively alleviated diarrhea and colonic inflammatory responses in MPH-treated rats. Collectively, this is the first study verifying that P. distasonis supplementation mitigates MPH-induced gastrointestinal adverse reactions, providing a novel intervention strategy to improve tolerance of ADHD pharmacotherapy.

PMID 42897488
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PubMedCureus2026-10-20

Oral Kaposi Sarcoma With Clinical Features Suggestive of Concurrent Multicentric Castleman Disease in Advanced AIDS.

Qiqieh Jamil J, Altone Imeelda I, Siada Kareem K, Desai Sonora S et al.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an AIDS-defining malignancy associated with advanced HIV infection and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). We report a case of biopsy-proven oral KS in a 31-year-old patient with advanced AIDS and clinical features suggestive of concurrent multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), highlighting the diagnostic complexity of overlapping AIDS-related conditions. We describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, imaging findings, histopathologic features, and management of a 31-year-old man with advanced AIDS and antiretroviral nonadherence presenting with constitutional, gastrointestinal, and neurologic symptoms. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated profound immunosuppression, elevated HIV viral load, cytopenias, hepatocellular injury, and markedly elevated inflammatory markers. Physical examination revealed violaceous oral and cutaneous lesions. Infectious evaluation was largely unrevealing, while imaging demonstrated diffuse lymphadenopathy and inflammatory colitis. Histopathologic examination of an oral lesion confirmed KS with HHV-8 positivity. The combination of diffuse lymphadenopathy, systemic inflammation, and cytopenias raised concern for concurrent MCD. The patient was restarted on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and initiated on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis, with outpatient oncologic follow-up arranged. This case highlights the diagnostic complexity of advanced HIV infection, in which infectious, inflammatory, and malignant processes may coexist. Tissue diagnosis remains essential for distinguishing overlapping HHV-8-associated diseases and guiding management.

PMID 42899219
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