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IN

insulin (proinsulin, Chiron / insulin, Chiron)

✓ Approved

Novo Nordisk A/S · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by Novo Nordisk A/S. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesproinsulin, Chiron, insulin, Chiron
CompanyNovo Nordisk A/S
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novo Nordisk A/S

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism2026-10-22

Metabolic outcomes and insulin therapy modifications during Ramadan fasting in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in low-resource settings.

Puspitasari Ajeng Dias AD, Perwitasari Rayi Kurnia RK, Hisbiyah Yuni Y, Abu-Libdeh Abdulsalam I AI et al.

Young Muslims with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face serious metabolic challenges during Ramadan fasting, particularly hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) risks. Data from low-resource settings (LRS) with limited advanced monitoring tools are insufficient despite established guidelines. This study planned to evaluate metabolic outcomes and insulin modifications among children and adolescents with T1DM during Ramadan fasting in Surabaya, Indonesia. Our cross-sectional study recruited 25 individuals with T1DM aged 7 to 18 years who fasted for at least two weeks during Ramadan 2025. Data were collected via questionnaires and glucose logbooks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured before, during, and after Ramadan. We also evaluated insulin total daily dose (TDD) and acute complication incidences. The respondents were predominantly female (80%) with a mean HbA1c of 10.22 ±2.29%. During Ramadan, the mean TDD decreased from 0.84 ±0.18 to 0.80 ±0.19 U/kg/day, reflecting a 6.79% reduction in basal insulin. Mean FBG levels remained stable across the pre-, during-, and post-Ramadan periods (202.89, 193.44, and 206.90 mg/dl, respectively; p > 0.05). Clinical safety improved during fasting, with hypoglycemia rates decreasing from 28% to 12% and zero cases of DKA compared to a 16% pre-Ramadan history. Ramadan fasting is safe and feasible for young Muslims with T1DM in LRS when supported by structured pre-fasting education and individualized insulin modifications. These results emphasize that metabolic stability can be achieved through rigorous monitoring and clinical supervision even in the absence of advanced diabetes technologies.

PMID 42902702
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PubMedFrontiers in oncology2026-10-22

Case Report: Solitary fibrous tumor of the pelvis associated with Doege-Potter syndrome.

Tan Xiaolong X, Dong Weikai W, Chang Wenli W, Chen Xi X

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon mesenchymal spindle cell neoplasm (incidence ~1.4 per million). Although most SFT occur in the thoracic cavity, they can also arise in the retroperitoneum, pelvis, head, and neck. While the majority exhibit benign behavior, approximately 5% are associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, most notably Doege-Potter syndrome (DPS). DPS is characterized by non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) resulting from tumor hypersecretion of high-molecular-weight insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), which saturates insulin and IGF receptors causing refractory, life-threatening hypoglycemia. Due to nonspecific presentation and low incidence, DPS secondary to pelvic SFT is frequently misdiagnosed, underscoring the need for heightened clinical awareness. A 56-year-old man presented to the neurology department with acute loss of consciousness, aphasia, and urinary incontinence. He had a 3-year history of hypertension but no diabetes mellitus. Initial laboratory tests showed a blood glucose of 4.76 mmol/L; however, during hospitalization, he developed recurrent severe hypoglycemia, with a nadir glucose of 1.6 mmol/L. Further biochemical evaluation during fasting hypoglycemia revealed undetectable insulin (<0.2 mIU/L) and low C-peptide (0.14 ng/mL). Contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT demonstrated a 17.8 cm heterogeneously enhancing pelvic mass causing bladder compression and left ureteral displacement. The patient declined preoperative biopsy. Preoperative euglycemia was maintained with continuous intravenous dextrose infusion, and open en bloc surgical resection was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (positive for STAT6, CD34, and CD99; Ki-67 8%) confirmed an atypical solitary fibrous tumor. Postoperatively, hypoglycemic symptoms resolved completely, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 6 without further hypoglycemic episodes. Pelvic SFT with DPS frequently presents with recurrent hypoglycemia or altered consciousness rather than local compressive symptoms. Early recognition of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) and prompt cross-sectional imaging are essential for accurate diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is definitive and results in full resolution of hypoglycemia. Given the unpredictable biological behavior of SFT, long-term follow-up is essential. Heightened clinical awareness may improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

PMID 42903137
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PubMedFrontiers in nutrition2026-10-22

Time-restricted feeding during the inactive phase vs. ad libitum feeding: diet-dependent effects on weight and metabolic markers in male Wistar rats.

Hajhamidiasl Ladan L, Baş Murat M, Yilmaz Ozgur O, Ozer Samed S et al.

In recent years, intermittent fasting has become a popular method for preventing and treating obesity and chronic diseases. This study explored the metabolic and inflammatory effects of inactive-phase (Day) time-restricted feeding (TRF) vs. ad libitum feeding (Ad) in rats under high-fat (HF) and standard (S) diet for 8 weeks. Four groups (TRF + HF, TRF + S, Ad + S, Ad + HF; n = 7 each) were monitored for temporal changes in key biomarkers, including TNF-α, IL-6, LPS, insulin, glucose, and lipid profiles, and body weight. Baseline-adjusted two-way ANCOVA was used to evaluate the main effects of Diet and Feeding pattern and their interaction, with complementary multivariate analyses performed as sensitivity analyses. Body weight was significantly associated with both Diet and Feeding pattern after baseline adjustment, with the greatest observed weight gain in Ad + HF and the smallest in TRF + S. TNF-α showed a significant Diet × Feeding interaction, characterized by marked reductions in both TRF groups and little change in Ad + HF. Lipid metabolism exhibited distinct interactions between diet type and feeding regimens. Total cholesterol levels increased in both ad libitum-fed groups, whereas a reduction was observed in the TRF + S group. Triglyceride responses also showed pronounced treatment effects, with the TRF + HF group demonstrating the greatest decrease over the intervention period. IL-6, LPS, insulin, glucose, and LDL-C did not display significant group × time interactions. Overall, inactive-phase time-restricted feeding was associated with lower weight gain, favorable changes in selected lipid parameters, and a reduction in TNF-α. No significant Diet × Feeding interactions were observed for IL-6 or LPS, indicating that the inflammatory findings were specific to TNF-α rather than reflective of a generalized anti-inflammatory effect. However, because food intake was not quantitatively measured, these differences cannot be attributed to meal timing independently of possible differences in total energy intake.

PMID 42903068
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PubMedChemistry & biodiversity2026-10-22

Pentahydroxyflavone and Metformin Mitigate Diabetes-Induced Hepatic Dysfunction in Gamma-Irradiated Rats Through the AMPK-SREBP-1c-SCD1 Pathway.

Gaber Hanaa F B HFB, Moawed Fatma S M FSM, Mahfouz Mohamed K MK, Ahmed Esraa S A ESA et al.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common complication among cancer patients, potentially worsening the adverse effects of radiation therapy. This study aimed to evaluate whether pentahydroxy flavone (PHF) and Metformin (MET) could mitigate liver damage associated with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats exposed to gamma irradiation (IR). Diabetes was induced in rats by a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg) and exposure to a cumulative IR dose (4 Gy). Over one month, each treatment group received either PHF (50 mg/kg) or MET (200 mg/kg). Combined treatment with PHF and MET improved lipid profiles, reduced insulin resistance, coupled with diminishing hepatic inflammation (NLRC4) and oxidative stress. Furthermore, co-administration of PHF and MET modulated the AMPK/ SREBP1c/ SCD1-related signaling, ameliorating hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. These findings suggest that PHF combined with MET's could serve as an adjuvant therapy alongside MET to protect against liver damage caused by diabetes and gamma radiation.

PMID 42902859
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PubMedPediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism2026-10-22

Examination of factors affecting adropin levels in healthy and obese children.

Dişçi Esra E, Kaya Serap Kılıç SK, Dönmez Ayşe Sena AS, Cayir Atilla A et al.

There are very different reports regarding whether adropin levels are low, moderate, or high in childhood obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. However, data on the effects of age, sex, and puberty are insufficient. We planned a case-control study consisting of 59 obese patients (female [F] = 35/male [M] = 24) and 40 healthy controls (F = 21/M = 19). Additionally, obese children were re-evaluated following a 12-week diet intervention. Serum glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, liver function tests, and adropin levels were examined. While age (12.5 ±4.1 years vs. 9.9 ±4.7 years, p = 0.006), body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) (3.1 ±0.7 standard deviation [SD] vs. -0.3 ±0.8 SD, p < 0.001), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (30 ±16.9 U/l vs. 17.7 ±7.1 U/l, p < 0.001) were higher in obese children, adropin (212.2 ±67.7 ng/l vs. 369.2 ±64.6 ng/l, p < 0.001) was lower than healthy controls. When age, sex, BMI SDS, and ALT were evaluated together in multivariate regression analysis (all patients), BMI SDS was found to be the only independent factor effecting adropin level ( = -0.6, p < 0.001). We observed an increase in adropin levels compared to baseline following 12-week diet intervention, in obese children (212.2 ±67.7 ng/l vs. 237.4 ±87.3 ng/l, p = 0.03). The effect of parameters such as age, sex, and BMI SDS on adropin shows that the only independent factor effecting the alteration of adropin level is BMI SDS.

PMID 42902703
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PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-10-22

Diabetes duration modifies the association between AIP and MAFLD in type 2 diabetes.

Ma Jiayu J, Hu Xiaokang X, Liang Xiaohe X, Jin Kangtao K

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although several insulin resistance (IR)-related indices have been proposed as surrogate markers, their comparative performance and the influence of diabetes duration remain unclear. We compared the associations of eight IR-related indices with MAFLD and evaluated the modifying effect of diabetes duration. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 5,996 patients with T2DM, of whom 3,087 had MAFLD. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of eight IR-related indices (TyG, TyG-BMI, METS-IR, CHG, CTI, HOMA-IR, SHR, and AIP) with prevalent MAFLD. To facilitate comparison across indices measured on different scales, odds ratios (ORs) were additionally estimated per 1-standard deviation (SD) increase. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess discriminative performance. LASSO regression was used for covariate selection, followed by multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, and interaction analysis. Internal validation of the multivariable model was performed using 1,000 bootstrap resamples. All eight IR-related indices were significantly associated with prevalent MAFLD. After standardization, AIP showed the largest association estimate per 1-SD increase (OR = 2.137, 95% CI: 2.007-2.275). AIP also showed the highest, although moderate, discriminative performance among the eight indices (AUC = 0.692). After LASSO-based covariate selection and multivariable adjustment, AIP remained independently associated with prevalent MAFLD (OR = 4.968, 95% CI: 4.100-6.035). Adjusted RCS analysis indicated a nonlinear association between AIP and prevalent MAFLD (P for overall < 0.001; P for nonlinearity = 0.040). The revised multivariable model had an apparent AUC of 0.758 (95% CI: 0.746-0.771), with an optimism-corrected AUC of 0.756 after bootstrap internal validation. Significant interactions were observed between AIP and diabetes duration when duration was modeled continuously (P for interaction = 0.031) and categorically (<5 vs. ≥5 years; P for interaction = 0.001). Among the eight IR-related indices evaluated, AIP showed the largest standardized association with prevalent MAFLD and the highest discriminative performance in patients with T2DM. The association between AIP and MAFLD may vary according to diabetes duration.

PMID 42903117
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