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clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate (Gusejeong / DKB22002 / DKB 22002)

✓ Approved

DongKoo Bio & Pharma · PDE5A · Small Molecule

What is clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate?

clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate is a small molecule developed by DongKoo Bio & Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesGusejeong, DKB22002, DKB 22002
CompanyDongKoo Bio & Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPDE5A
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, DongKoo Bio & Pharma

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate acts on 1 molecular target:

PDE5Aphosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5, CGB-PDE)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Psychiatric disordersPremature ejaculation✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersErectile dysfunction✓ Approved

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The increasing marine transport of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS), including bio-derived oils, raises concerns regarding their behaviour, fate, and ecological impacts following accidental releases. Bio-derived oils vary widely in composition depending on feedstocks and production processes, leading to uncertainty in associated spill behaviour and potential environmental risk. Improved weathering studies are therefore needed to support marine spill preparedness and response. Week-long mesocosm tank experiments were conducted to examine the fate and biological effects of three representative bio-derived oils (canola oil, biodiesel, and wood oil) in simulated nearshore marine waters. In each test, 1.0 L of oil was released into 1200 L of artificial seawater (15 °C) containing 1.2 kg of pre-mixed sediment and subjected to continuous high-energy wave mixing for seven days. Volatile organic carbon concentrations in the headspace above the spill were negligible for all oils. Water and sediment samples were collected at intervals for chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing. Wood oil resulted in the highest dissolved and total organic carbon concentrations (up to 280 mg/L), caused sustained seawater acidification (pH decreased from 8.3 to 7.8-8.0), completely disappeared from the water surface, and accumulated extensively in sediments. Biodiesel and canola oil generated lower dissolved concentrations (less than 21 mg/L), with dispersed oil droplets persisting in the water column. The seawater pH remained stable at 8.3 throughout the week-long tests for both biodiesel and canola oil. Approximately 50% of the canola oil remained recoverable from the water surface after one week of wave action, whereas no recoverable biodiesel or wood oil residues were observed on the water surface. Ecotoxicological assays demonstrated sustained toxic effects in waters contaminated with biodiesel and wood oil. These results highlight the diverse weathering behaviours and ecological risks of bio-derived oils, emphasizing the need for oil-specific approaches to marine HNS spill risk assessment and response.

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PubMedBioinspiration & biomimetics2026-07-25

From Insect Behavior to Transferable Robot Locomotion: Inferring Embodied Locomotor Principles from Limited Data via Adversarial Inverse Reinforcement Learning.

Wang Yuchen Y, Chuthong Thirawat T, Hayashibe Mitsuhiro M, Manoonpong Poramate P et al.

Insect locomotion exhibits remarkable adaptability and flexibility despite the limited scale of its nervous system. However, the underlying principles that govern leg coordination remain difficult to extract and model computationally. Understanding how insects achieve stable and adaptive locomotion has long provided important inspiration for the development of control strategies in bio-inspired robotics. Nevertheless, many existing approaches rely on predefined coordination rules, manually tuned parameters, or hand-crafted reward functions, which limit the flexibility and transferability of the resulting control strategies. To address this limitation, this study proposes a data-driven framework based on adversarial inverse reinforcement learning (AIRL), which directly learns continuous locomotion control policies from stick insect walking data and infers latent reward structures and control strategies from biological behavioral demonstrations. Experimental results show that even when trained using only a short segment of flat-terrain demonstration data, the learned policy can still be extracted to learn adaptive and flexible leg coordination patterns under different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the learned reward network can be transferred across different dynamic systems to guide policy learning for robot models with different morphologies. Compared with methods relying solely on reward shaping, the proposed approach achieves faster convergence and produces more biologically consistent gait coordination. A preliminary deployment on a physical bio-inspired robot further demonstrates the potential of the learned policy for sim-to-real application. The proposed method provides a transferable data-driven framework for extracting and learning locomotion control strategies from biological behavior, with potential applications to bio-inspired robotic systems.

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Translating hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) genetic susceptibility into actionable targets remains challenging, as most genome-wide association study loci lie in non-coding regions and tissue-level transcriptomics cannot easily distinguish causal drivers from secondary inflammation. In this study, we aimed to prioritize plasma proteins whose genetically predicted levels are causally associated with HS risk and to localize them within human skin at single-cell resolution. We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using cis-pQTL instruments for 2923 plasma proteins from the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project against HS summary statistics from FinnGen R12. Following multiple-testing correction and Bayesian colocalization with a prior-sensitivity grid, the intersection of false-discovery rate (FDR)-significant MR with colocalization evidence (PP.H4 ≥ 0.5) yielded three putative protective candidates: TNFRSF6B (OR = 0.748, 95% CI 0.666-0.840; PP.H4 = 0.648), FCRL2 (OR = 0.896, 95% CI 0.819-0.979; PP.H4 = 0.550), and APOD (OR = 0.789, 95% CI 0.647-0.963; PP.H4 = 0.503). All sensitivity MR tests were concordant. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis localized FCRL2 and APOD to specific cell populations. FCRL2 was predominantly expressed in B cells and NK cells, while APOD showed multi-cellular expression across cornified keratinocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Furthermore, TNFRSF6B was below the skin detection threshold, supporting its biological role as a circulating decoy receptor. Together, our integrated proteogenomic and single-cell approach prioritizes TNFRSF6B, FCRL2, and APOD as putative protective plasma proteins for HS, with TNFRSF6B emerging as the most genetically robust candidate for future translational follow-up.

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Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with higher IHD risk, but the underlying biological pathways remain unclear. This study aims to explore these pathways using two-step proteome-wide Mendelian randomization. We examined the associations between genetic proxies for BCAAs and 2,922 proteins in the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project (UKB-PPP), supplemented by a meta-analysis with data from deCODE to identify proteins associated with BCAAs. Then we tested their effects on IHD risk using CARDIoGRAMplusC4D (122,733 cases, 424,528 controls) and replicated in FinnGen (31,640 cases, 187,152 controls). We conducted sensitivity analyses using genetic instruments from deCODE. Proteins associated with IHD risk and, in a consistent direction, with genetically predicted BCAAs were considered potential mediators. Genetic proxies for BCAAs were associated with 40 proteins. Among these, six proteins showed consistent evidence of mediation, including complement component 1s (C1S), coagulation factor II (F2), granulin (GRN), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and V-set and transmembrane domain-containing Protein 2 Like (VSTM2L). These proteins are involved in inflammation, coagulation, lipid metabolism and cellular stress response. All associations were robust across different analytical methods and replicated in independent datasets. Mediation analysis showed that these proteins accounted for 6.5% to 32.1% of the association between BCAAs and IHD risk. This study identified six proteins that potentially link BCAAs to IHD, implicating pathways related to inflammation, coagulation, lipid metabolism, and cellular stress responses. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the BCAA-IHD relationship and highlight potential protein targets for future prevention and intervention strategies.

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Geminal-site catalysts (GSCs) are prospective candidates for fulfilling the goal of aqueous electrochemical reductive cross-coupling reactions (ERCR) at near-stoichiometric yields. Nevertheless, a problem lies in the lack of a synthetic route for GSCs with few single sites. Here we report a defect-accompanying strategy for synthesizing GSCs containing metal-defect catalytic pairs (M-D GSCs), meaning that Fe-D GSCs can realize the electrochemical synthesis of cyclohexanone oximes (CHOs) from high concentrations (0.5 M) of nitrites (NO2 -) and cyclohexanone (CYC) at near-stoichiometric yields (the Faradic efficiency or yieldC/N: 91.3%). Multiple in-/ex-situ characterizations demonstrated that metal-citrate complexes were converted to metal-defect catalytic pairs via the liberation of gaseous carbon/nitrogen species during pyrolysis. Furthermore, we developed an innovative cathodic oxime-alkali process, where high concentration NaNO2 and CYC can be electrochemically converted to high-purity products including NaOH and CHO. This work showcases the enormous potential of M-D GSCs in achieving near-stoichiometric conversion for ERCR reactions.

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Although solid oral dosage forms are widely used in adult drug therapy, age-appropriate formulations for pediatric patients remain limited. The development of suitable dosage forms is challenged by specific requirements regarding excipient safety, tablet size, and dose flexibility, as well as the need to improve therapy adherence in the context of frequent dosing. This study aimed to develop a pediatric-appropriate extended-release matrix tablet based on lipid matrix formers, with particular attention to the use of safe excipients and the selection of excipients based on sustainability considerations. Lipid-based excipients, selected due to their natural origin and similarity to dietary fats, were investigated and compared with conventional matrix formers. A formulation screening approach was applied to identify promising candidates based on drug release after one hour, followed by further evaluation of manufacturability, tablet hardness, and extended-release performance. In addition, the influence of a physiological pH-gradient, bile salts, and long-term storage on drug release was assessed. The selected formulations showed good manufacturability, uniformity, and sustained drug release. Overall, several lipid-based matrix formulations suitable for pediatric use were identified, providing a promising basis for the development of solid oral extended-release dosage forms for children.

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