Drug Database
ES

estrogens (Cenestin / Bijuva, Barr)

✓ Approved

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. · ESR1

What is estrogens?

estrogens is a therapeutic agent developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via intravaginal or oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesCenestin, Bijuva, Barr
CompanyTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteIntravaginal, Oral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estrogens acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estrogens is developed for 3 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Reproductive system and breast disordersAtrophic vulvovaginitis✓ Approved
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersMenopausal symptoms✓ Approved

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PubMedThe journal of physical chemistry letters2026-11-12

Enhancing Predictive Simulations of Conjugated Polymers through Exciton-Coupled Dynamics.

Keya Kamrun N KN, Griffin Hadassah B HB, Kilin Dmitri D

Among the semiconducting conjugated polymers (CPs), cis-polyacetylene (cis-PA) has recently received attention due to its advances in organic electronics applications. Excitonic effects and energy dissipation affect the critical properties of these materials. Here, cis-PA oligomers are studied in two different forms: (a) pristine cis-PA (undoped) and (b) cis-PA codoped with sodium and phosphorus fluoride. We introduce the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) + Redfield framework for converting nonradiative energy dissipation channels from an independent orbital approximation (IOA) framework to an excitonic basis. The excitonic nonradiative and radiative channels are used to calculate rates for photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Excitonic effects produce system-dependent changes in phonon-mediated relaxation. They accelerate relaxation and reduce the PLQY in undoped cis-PA, while slowing relaxation and increasing the PLQY relative to the IOA description in codoped cis-PA. These findings emphasize the influence of state degeneracy and electron-hole (e-h) interactions, which are inherently captured within the exciton framework.

PMID 43018324
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PubMedFrontiers in pediatrics2026-11-12

Risk factors for delayed recovery of liver enzymes in pediatric primary Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis.

Wu Jiahui J, Bian Yuanxi Y, Cheng Fangfang F, Li Xingyu X et al.

Children with primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection frequently develop varying degrees of liver dysfunction. This study aimed to identify clinical risk factors associated with delayed liver enzyme recovery in pediatric primary EBV hepatitis. In this retrospective study, 338 children diagnosed with primary EBV hepatitis and admitted to our department between January and December 2024 were enrolled. Based on follow-up liver enzyme recovery, patients were categorized into a normal recovery group and a delayed recovery group. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from medical records. Univariate analysis was first performed to identify potential risk factors for delayed recovery, followed by multivariate logistic regression to determine independent predictors. The predictive value of these factors was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A risk scoring system was developed based on the regression coefficients. Among the 338 patients, 228 exhibited normal recovery of liver enzymes, while 110 showed delayed recovery. Patients with delayed recovery had significantly longer fever duration, longer hospital stays, and a higher incidence of hepatomegaly (all P < 0.05). Laboratory findings revealed that the delayed recovery group had significantly higher levels of lymphocyte percentage, atypical lymphocyte percentage, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and ferritin, but significantly lower levels of neutrophil percentage, double-negative T cell percentage, and NK cell percentage compared to the normal recovery group (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression identified fever duration, neutrophil percentage, and ALT level as independent risk factors for delayed recovery. A scoring system was devised assigning 1 point each for fever duration ≥6 days and neutrophil percentage ≤19.0%, and 2 points for ALT ≥118.0 U/L. Using a cutoff score of ≥3 points, this model predicted delayed liver enzyme recovery with 68.20% sensitivity and 73.70% specificity. The area under the ROC curve for this prediction score was 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-0.84]. Lower neutrophil percentage, higher ALT level, and prolonged fever duration were identified as independent risk factors for delayed recovery of liver enzymes in pediatric primary EBV hepatitis. Clinicians should closely monitor high-risk patients and strengthen outpatient follow-up.

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PubMedJournal of the American Heart Association2026-11-12

Adeno-Associated Virus-Induced Humanized Hypertensive Mouse Model Validates N-Acetylgalactosamine-Conjugated Small Interfering RNA Targeting Angiotensinogen as a Long-Acting Antihypertensive Therapy.

Xiong Junhao J, Zhang Shasha S, Cheng Kang K, Sheng Yuanzhe Y et al.

Hypertension remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, yet current therapeutic strategies lack sustained efficacy and long-term stability. Our study aimed to construct a humanized rodent model for drugs development especially currently prevalent small interfering RNA medication. A humanized hypertensive mouse model was generated by subcutaneous injection of neonatal mice with adeno-associated viruses encoding hAGT (human angiotensinogen) and hRENIN (human renin). Blood pressure was monitored weekly via tail-cuff plethysmography. Expression of hAGT and hRENIN was assessed by ELISA, Western blot, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography at 4 and 6 months postinjection. Hypertension-associated comorbidities were examined through histological analysis and ELISA. A modified N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated small interfering RNA targeting human hepatic AGT (GalNAc-siAGT) was screened and subcutaneously administered to humanized hypertensive mice, either alone or in combination with valsartan, to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. The dual adeno-associated virus-induced humanized hypertensive model exhibited a sustained hypertension for 6 months and manifested prevalent comorbidities, including heart failure and kidney disease. This modified GalNAc-siAGT demonstrated significant activity in knocking down hAGT both in vitro and in vivo. Only a single subcutaneous injection of GalNAc-siAGT in humanized hypertensive mice led to a sustained reduction in blood pressure lasting for 2 months, accompanied by cardio- and renoprotective effects. Moreover, combining GalNAc-siAGT with the renin-angiotensin system blocker, valsartan, significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Our study validated the antihypertensive therapeutic effect of GalNAc-siAGT in a humanized hypertensive murine model while highlighting the translational potential of this model for clinical drug development.

PMID 43018053
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PubMedThe journal of physical chemistry letters2026-11-12

Photoinduced Ligand Displacement of Semiconductor Nanomaterials.

Wagnon Benoît B, Chang I-Ya IY, Kobayashi Yoichi Y

Organic ligands at the surface of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) are usually assumed to remain anchored during optical processes. Recent time-resolved spectroscopic studies overturn this assumption: photoexcitation can displace ligands from the NC surface through photoinduced charge transfer. Because conventional ligand exchange is bound by thermodynamic equilibrium, such light-driven displacement offers on-demand, out-of-equilibrium control of the ligand shell, with implications for photocatalysis, photopatterning, and the photostability of NC-based devices. In this Perspective, we outline the fundamentals of NC-ligand surface chemistry and of the charge-transfer processes that trigger desorption, survey the growing experimental evidence─from time-resolved infrared studies of carboxylate ligands to our work using π-conjugated perylene bisimide ligands as sensitive optical reporters of desorption─and discuss the emerging quantum-chemical picture of the dissociation. We conclude with design rules and open questions toward photocontrolled NC surfaces.

PMID 43018347
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PubMedChemical communications (Cambridge, England)2026-11-12

Thinking in and out of the box: structural diversity, assembly, switching and new applications from ionic cyclophanes.

Mehra Simran S, Hussain Ch Mudasar CM, Patra Smaranika S, Kumar M S Krishna MSK et al.

Ionic electron-deficient cyclophanes have developed from early bipyridinium-based hosts into a diverse family of redox-active and self-assembling macrocycles. This review traces this evolution from Hünig's pioneering cyclophanes and Stoddart's ionic boxes to contemporary imidazolium-, selenoviologen-, naphthalene diimide (NDI)- and perylene diimide (PDI)-based architectures. Particular emphasis is placed on how newly conceptualized exceptionally electron-poor cationic π-conjugated walls, linker geometry, cavity dimensions, and counter-anion identity control molecular recognition, multi-state redox switching and anisotropic supramolecular assembly. Tubular architectures, mechanically interlocked systems and emerging non-rectangular cavities illustrate the structural diversity accessible within this family. We further examine how these molecular characteristics translate into new applications: switching, proton transport, bioimaging, sensing, and photocatalytic functions. By considering these developments through a common structure-property-function framework, this article highlights the transition of ionic cyclophanes from molecular recognition hosts towards programmable molecular environments and multifunctional advanced supramolecular materials.

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PubMedJournal of medicinal chemistry2026-11-12

Development and Preclinical Evaluation of Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of Prostate 2 Targeted PET Probes: A Case of Drug Repurposing Based on Molecular Docking.

Deng Zhuoyi Z, Zhou Wenyuan W, Liu Chen C, Liu Chao C et al.

Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2 (STEAP2) is overexpressed in prostate cancer, yet no STEAP2-targeted imaging probes exist. Using molecular docking, we screened triptorelin and leuprorelin by radioiodine labeling and identified triptorelin as a high-affinity, selective ligand. To enhance in vivo stability and pharmacokinetics, triptorelin underwent acetylation, PEG extension, and 4-iodophenylbutyric acid conjugation, yielding five DOTA-conjugated analogs radiolabeled with 68Ga. In 22Rv1 xenografts, 68Ga-Trip-5 exhibited moderate but specific tumor uptake (SUVmax 1.8) with favorable tumor-to-background contrast. In vivo stability, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and human radiation dosimetry (effective dose 0.00345 mSv/MBq) demonstrated favorable safety. Autoradiography on human prostate cancer specimens showed probe accumulation correlating with endogenous STEAP2 expression. This represents the first STEAP2-targeted PET probe developed via molecular docking-guided drug repurposing. Cellular, biochemical, and imaging data provide supportive evidence of STEAP2-mediated targeting. Preclinical performance supports clinical translation of 68Ga-Trip-5, with definitive target validation.

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