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exenatide (exenatide LAR / AC 2993 LAR / Bydureon Pen)

✓ Approved

3SBio · GLP1R · Small Molecule

What is exenatide?

exenatide is a small molecule developed by 3SBio. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesexenatide LAR, AC 2993 LAR, Bydureon Pen
Company3SBio
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGLP1R
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, 3SBio

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

exenatide acts on 1 molecular target:

GLP1Rglucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R, GLP-1-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

exenatide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedCureus2026-09-20

Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysm With Fistulization to the Transverse Colon: A Case Report.

Mitchell Meagan M, Schott Christina A CA, Rodriguez Gustavo G, Khalili Marian M et al.

Splenic artery pseudoaneurysms (SAPs) are rare occurrences, most commonly secondary to pancreatitis, abdominal trauma, or postoperative/iatrogenic causes. The most common presenting symptom is abdominal pain, but it may also be hematochezia, melena, or hematemesis. SAP rupture or fistulation causes massive hemorrhage leading to hemorrhagic shock and possible death if left untreated. The timely diagnosis and treatment of SAPs are therefore crucial in managing these patients. Here, we present a case of a female in her 80s presenting with rectal bleeding, diagnosed with SAP with fistulization to the transverse colon as seen on contrasted abdominopelvic CT. She was treated with endovascular embolization, which successfully resolved the bleeding, and subsequent splenectomy and splenic flexure colectomy. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by urinary retention due to presumed UTI, left-sided pleural effusion, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid regurgitation. Once the complications resolved, the patient did well with symptom resolution. Early diagnosis is crucial for the management of these patients. Due to the nonspecific presentation, a high level of suspicion should prompt further evaluation to prevent adverse outcomes. Fistulization of SAPs to surrounding structures could lead to complications, as was seen with this patient. However, endovascular embolization of the SAP with subsequent segmental resection of the involved colon proved to be a successful treatment.

PMID 42763603
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PubMedThe American journal of case reports2026-09-20

Eisenmenger Syndrome After Delayed Atrial Septal Defect Closure at High Altitude: A Case Report.

Guaman-Gavilema Angelica A, Villacres-Alarcon Domenica D, Arteaga-Arellano Andres A, Arregui-Costales Roberto R et al.

BACKGROUND Eisenmenger syndrome develops from untreated or late-repaired cardiac shunts, causing irreversible pulmonary-vascular remodeling and systemic symptoms. Although timely repair has nearly eradicated Eisenmenger syndrome in high-income regions, delayed diagnosis in middle-income countries, especially when combined with chronic high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia, such as at approximately 2800 m (9186 ft) in the Ecuadorian Andes, can accelerate pulmonary hypertension through hypoxic vasoconstriction and erythrocytosis. We report a case of Eisenmenger syndrome 2 decades after surgical atrial septal defect closure. CASE REPORT A 46-year-old woman living at high altitude presented with severe cyanosis and heart failure 22 years after atrial septal defect closure. She had marked hypoxemia and secondary erythrocytosis. Echocardiography showed suprasystemic pulmonary artery pressure, severe right-chamber dilation, and reduced right ventricular systolic function. Right-heart catheterization confirmed Eisenmenger physiology with severe pulmonary-vascular resistance and low cardiac index. Chest computed tomography showed marked pulmonary artery enlargement without thromboembolic disease. Multidisciplinary management included bosentan 125 mg twice daily, tadalafil 10 mg once daily, nocturnal oxygen, diuretics, and anticoagulation, resulting in symptomatic stabilization and discharge on day 4. Transplant evaluation was initiated. CONCLUSIONS Delayed atrial septal defect repair at high altitude can lead to irreversible Eisenmenger syndrome, for which current therapy is palliative. Early defect recognition and closure, congenital heart screening, and access to pulmonary vasodilators and transplant programs are imperative in resource-constrained mountainous regions.

PMID 42763416
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PubMedAnesthesiology and pain medicine2026-09-20

Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant in Femoral Nerve Block for Ease of Preoperative Positioning and Postoperative Analgesia in Hip and Proximal Femur Surgery.

Choudhary Anushka A, Kamath Shaila Surendra SS, Mahanta Priyanka P

Perineural dexmedetomidine has been shown to improve block quality, accelerate onset, and prolong block duration when used as an adjuvant to local anaesthetics. This study assessed the effects of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in an ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block (USG-FNB) on positioning for spinal anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing surgery for hip and proximal femur fractures. This hospital-based observational study included 100 adults undergoing surgery for hip or proximal femur fractures. Using convenience sampling, participants were classified into two groups of 50 according to the femoral nerve block received: Group C received bupivacaine alone, and Group D received bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine at 1 µg/kg as an adjuvant. Once the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was < 3, patients were placed in the sitting position, and spinal anaesthesia was administered. Median heart rate was significantly higher in Group D than in Group C at all assessed time points, except at 3 hours, when the groups were comparable. Participants in Group D achieved a VAS score < 3 significantly sooner after the block and had a significantly longer time to first rescue analgesia postoperatively than those in Group C (P = 0.001). Time to recovery from spinal anaesthesia was similar between groups. The mean number of rescue analgesic doses was significantly higher in Group C than in Group D. Dexmedetomidine demonstrated a superior analgesic profile as an adjuvant to a femoral nerve block, facilitating patient positioning for spinal anaesthesia and reducing postoperative rescue analgesic requirements.

PMID 42763712
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PubMedCureus2026-09-20

Association Between Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Faecal Calprotectin Levels in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abdelgabar Nazar N, Elfaki Omer Eltayeb Osman EO, Mostafa Alla A, Abdel Rahman Ahmed Eslam Ahmed EA et al.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) has a distinct phenotype characterised by extensive, often right-sided colitis, frequent endoscopic and histologic activity despite mild symptoms, and an elevated risk of colorectal neoplasia. Faecal calprotectin (FC) is a validated non-invasive marker of colonic inflammation in IBD, but whether FC concentrations differ between patients with PSC-IBD and IBD without PSC, and how faithfully FC reflects colonic disease activity in PSC-IBD, remain uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting faecal calprotectin concentrations in patients with PSC-IBD and a contemporaneous IBD-without-PSC comparator. Risk of bias was assessed using a structured quality assessment approach. Standardised mean differences (SMD, Hedges' g) in faecal calprotectin were pooled using a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Hartung-Knapp adjustment; medians were converted to means using an established conversion method. Reports arising from a single overlapping cohort were represented once in the quantitative synthesis. Robustness was examined by leave-one-out, mean-difference and ratio-of-means sensitivity analyses, the last of which is better suited to right-skewed data. Nine reports, arising from four independent cohorts, met the inclusion criteria; three cohorts provided data suitable for meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference in absolute FC between PSC-IBD and IBD without PSC was detected (pooled SMD -0.09, 95% confidence interval -0.41 to 0.22; p=0.56), a finding that was stable across leave-one-out, mean-difference and ratio-of-means sensitivity analyses. Qualitative synthesis indicated that FC may be discordant with colonic disease activity in PSC-IBD: FC was elevated in patients with endoscopically quiescent colitis; its correlation with endoscopic severity relative to IBD without PSC was inconsistent across cohorts; it discriminated mucosal healing with high accuracy, and it correlated closely with biliary calprotectin, while serum (but not faecal) calprotectin was higher in PSC-IBD. No statistically significant difference in absolute FC concentrations was detected between PSC-IBD and IBD without PSC, although clinically relevant differences cannot be excluded given the wide confidence interval, the small number of cohorts and the very low certainty of the evidence. The available data nonetheless suggest that FC may be elevated out of proportion to colonic inflammation in PSC-IBD and may in part reflect biliary inflammation, a hypothesis that requires confirmation. FC should therefore be interpreted with caution as a marker of colitis activity in PSC-IBD, and adequately powered prospective studies pairing FC with endoscopic, histologic and biliary endpoints are required.

PMID 42763663
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PubMedEndocrine regulations2026-09-19

Prescription pattern of oral hydrocortisone by Indian healthcare professionals: An online questionnaire-based survey.

Valia Rama R, Jangir Ashish Kumar AK, Sahu Danendra D, Menon Jayakrishnan C JC et al.

Objective. Adrenal insufficiency is predominantly managed by glucocorticoids, from which hydrocortisone is most frequently prescribed. However, limited data are available on prescription patterns among Indian healthcare professionals (HCPs). This study assessed the prescription practices of hydrocortisone among Indian HCPs and evaluated their awareness of tapering protocols and necessity for modified-release formulations of hydrocortisone. Methods. This online questionnaire-based survey involved 300 HCPs across India who prescribe oral hydrocortisone for various endocrinological and non-endocrinological indications. Google Forms were used and survey was carried out over a period of two months. Only fully accomplished responses were included in the analysis and the response rate was calculated. Results. The survey response rate was 84.27%. Among HCPs, 94.7% prescribed oral hydrocortisone with 47.5% using it often and 28.9% very often. Prescription frequency varied from 29.9% (prescribed once weekly) to 25.7% (two or more times weekly). Awareness of approved indications was high (96.8%). Tapering protocols were widely practiced (95.4%) often or very often by 82.7% HCPs. Hydrocortisone was mainly prescribed for primary adrenal insufficiency (77.5%), secondary adrenal insufficiency (63.0%), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (55.6%). Frequent adverse events included hyperglycemia (43.3%) and weight gain (43.0%). Most HCPs (89.8%) felt need for sustained-release hydrocortisone, particularly for primary adrenal insufficiency (81.7%). Alternatives of hydrocortisone mainly included prednisolone (65.8%), prednisone (37.3%), and dexamethasone (21.8%). Conclusion. Indian HCPs frequently prescribe oral hydrocortisone and are well-versed in tapering protocols. However, frequent adverse events and unmet needs emphasize strong demand for modified-release formulations, particularly for management of adrenal insufficiency.

PMID 42762503
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PubMedJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2026-09-19

Acute Care Group-Based Physical Therapy on an Inpatient Geriatrics Unit: Preliminary Data.

Crick James P JP, Hull Laura L, Maag Samuel S, Alain Gabriel N GN

Hospitalized older adults are at high risk for hospital-associated disability, but one-to-one physical therapy (PT) models often cannot meet demand for skilled mobility progression. Group-based PT is effective in outpatient and rehabilitation settings, but its feasibility in acute inpatient care is unknown. We conducted a single-site, prospective quality improvement implementation of acute care group-based PT (AC-GBPT) on a 39-bed medical-surgical geriatrics unit at an academic medical center. Sessions were offered weekly during routine clinical operations without additional staffing. Eligible patients were 60 years and older, had an active PT plan of care, were medically stable, and could transfer to a chair with human assistance. Feasibility outcomes included number of sessions delivered, participants per session, recruitment, reasons for non-participation, and adverse events. We also summarized participant characteristics and therapist productivity on days with versus without a group session. From March 19, 2025, through February 18, 2026, 37 sessions were delivered, with a mean of 4.22 participants per session (range 3-6). Across the period, 156 unique patient participations were recorded, and 69% of patients approached participated. At the time of participation, mean age was 77.9 years and mean time since admission was 8.6 days. No safety events occurred during or immediately after group sessions. Mean therapist productivity was notably higher on group days than on non-group days (1.59 vs. 1.31 patients/h; approximately 21% higher). A once-weekly AC-GBPT model for selected hospitalized older adults was feasible to deliver using existing resources and showed promising reach, safety, and operational performance, suggesting it may extend PT to more patients. Further work should assess patient acceptability, fully characterize staff time requirements, and assess patient-centered outcomes.

PMID 42760622
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