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exenatide (exenatide LAR / AC 2993 LAR / Bydureon Pen)

✓ Approved

3SBio · GLP1R · Small Molecule

What is exenatide?

exenatide is a small molecule developed by 3SBio. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesexenatide LAR, AC 2993 LAR, Bydureon Pen
Company3SBio
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGLP1R
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, 3SBio

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

exenatide acts on 1 molecular target:

GLP1Rglucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R, GLP-1-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

exenatide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of diabetes investigation2026-07-25

Comparison between liraglutide and dulaglutide on the incidence or progression of eye and kidney complications.

Katamine Aki A, Oya Junko J, Kondo Yuichiro Y, Hasegawa Yukiko Y et al.

To evaluate and compare the risk of diabetic retinopathy and kidney disease between once-daily liraglutide and once-weekly dulaglutide in Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 331 participants newly initiated on once-daily liraglutide 0.9 mg or once-weekly dulaglutide 0.75 mg between 2015 and 2020 were included in this study. We used propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting to adjust for baseline characteristics between the two groups. The participants were divided into three cohorts according to retinopathy, albuminuria, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The primary outcomes were the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy or kidney disease (albuminuria or reduced estimated GFR (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2). The incidence rate and risk of outcomes were compared between the two groups using Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazard models. Over a mean follow-up of 4.4 and 3.6 years in the liraglutide and dulaglutide groups, respectively, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of the risk of incidence of retinopathy and reduced GFR (hazard ratio (HR): 0.98 [0.60-1.60] and 0.82 [0.36-1.84]). Dulaglutide showed a lower incidence or progression rate but similar risk of albuminuria compared to liraglutide (54.7 vs 25.8 per 1,000 person-years (P = 0.04), HR: 0.51 [0.25-1.05]). Our study showed that once-daily liraglutide and once-weekly dulaglutide have similar risks for retinopathy, albuminuria, and reduced GFR.

PMID 42499272
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PubMedAmerican journal of perinatology2026-07-25

Patient-Reported Burdens of Undergoing Antenatal Fetal Surveillance.

Perez Marta M, Alvarez Miriam M, Lasater Sarah S, Ogbonnah Chinenye C et al.

Antenatal fetal surveillance (AFS) is recommended to prevent stillbirth in high-risk pregnancies. Data assessing the patient experience of these regimens are lacking. We aimed to describe the patient-reported burdens of attending AFS and analyze associations between visit frequency, over time, and with pregnancy and demographic characteristics. This is a cross-sectional survey of patients attending AFS. The survey was available in English and Spanish and could be taken serially. Patients answered demographic questions and rated their agreement regarding how attending AFS burdened their life in multiple domains on a 7-point Likert scale. Responses between once- and twice-weekly testing groups were compared. To examine characteristics contributing to high burden, demographic and patient-level factors were compared using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Participant score of burden between their first and last completion were assessed. Patient and provider indications were compared. There were 189 respondents (156 with one completion, 33 with serial completions). Most respondents had children and did not work outside the home; 149 (78.8%) attended once weekly. Almost half of all respondents reported experiencing burden. Twice-weekly patients were significantly more likely than once-weekly patients to report that AFS interfered with work (p = 0.02), was too expensive (p < 0.01), required cost cutting (p < 0.02), and missed AFS visits (p = 0.03). Compared with the "no burden" group, the burdened group were older (32.4 vs. 28.6 years, p < 0.01), more likely to attend twice weekly testing (31.7 vs. 15.4%, p < 0.01), and to report diabetes (24.4 vs. 9.6%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in burdens over time in those with multiple completions. Patients underreported obesity as an indication for AFS. This is the first documented report showing that burdens are commonly reported by patients undergoing AFS. More patient-centered work is needed exploring these findings so that AFS may minimize harm and maximize benefit. · When patients in a maternal-fetal medicine antenatal testing unit were surveyed regarding burdens in domains related to employment, finances, and childcare, 14 to 42% of patients reported some degree of burden in at least one domain.. · Burdens were increased for patients who were prescribed twice-weekly compared with once-weekly schedules. The patients who reported burdens were more likely to be older and have gestational diabetes.. · These novel findings of patient-experienced burdens should prompt providers to use shared decision-making when developing AFS regimens..

PMID 42498303
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PubMedJournal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH2026-07-25

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury activates hepatocyte-independent tissue factor-driven coagulation.

Patel Amish K AK, Capece Gina E GE, Hazel Bianca B, Roychowdhury Tayana T et al.

Liver injury is associated with activation of the blood coagulation cascade. Hepatocytes express low levels of tissue factor (TF), the transmembrane receptor and cofactor for coagulation Factor VIIa (FVIIa). The TF-FVIIa complex activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway and plays an essential role in hemostasis. This study tested the hypothesis that hepatocyte TF drives coagulation activation following toxicant-induced liver injury. Wild-type mice, mice with whole-body TF deficiency (LowTF), and mice lacking TF specifically in hepatocytes (HPCΔTF) were challenged once with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 1 mL/kg, i.p.). Liver injury and coagulation parameters were evaluated at 2-96 h after challenge. In separate studies, mice were challenged twice weekly for 4-6 weeks, and samples were collected 24-72 h after the final challenge. Acute CCl4 challenge caused hepatic injury and robust coagulation activation. Whole-body TF deficiency significantly reduced coagulation activation and attenuated peak hepatocellular necrosis, whereas hepatocyte TF deficiency had no effect on coagulation activation or acute liver injury. In situ hybridization identified cells in inflammatory foci expressing TF (F3) transcripts in the necrotic region of the CCl4-challenged liver. Following chronic CCl4 challenge, whole-body TF deficiency significantly reduced coagulation activation and modestly decreased fibrosis by means of reduced hepatic stellate cell activation, but hepatocyte TF deficiency did not affect coagulation activation or liver fibrosis. These data suggest that TF-expressing non-parenchymal cells mediate coagulation activation during CCl4-induced liver injury. Our findings provide the foundation for future work to identify TF-expressing cell types and their underlying contributions to liver injury pathogenesis.

PMID 42498137
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PubMedJournal of addiction medicine2026-07-25

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Pilot Contingency Management Intervention for Stimulant Use Disorder in a Hospital Setting.

Garrod Emma E, Robinson Kaye K, McCrae Karen K, Nicholson Melissa M et al.

Contingency management (CM) is effective for stimulant use disorder (STUD) in community settings. This pilot study assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a CM intervention for STUD in a Vancouver, Canada hospital that supports patients to complete medical treatment despite ongoing substance use. Medical inpatients with STUD received a CM intervention involving twice-weekly gift card rewards for stimulant-negative urine drug tests and/or achieving SMART health care goals. Feasibility was defined by recruitment, retention, engagement until discharge, and lack of interference with medical care. Acceptability was assessed through weekly and exit surveys; preliminary effectiveness was determined through self-reported stimulant use via Timeline Followback and survey data on substance use and hospital experience. Forty-two participants enrolled; 21 (50%) had severe STUD and 34 (81%) had concurrent opioid use disorder. Thirty-five participants engaged with CM; 33 (79%) participated until discharge, contributing 227 encounters (median 5 per participant, interquartile range 3.5-8). Weekly surveys indicated high acceptability, including improved hospital experience (90%, 86/96 responses) and desire to continue CM postdischarge (97%, 93/96 responses). Twenty (57%) reported decreased stimulant use compared with baseline Timeline Followback. Exit interviews highlighted CM as motivating behavioral change. Staff (n=6) reported improved patient engagement and no negative impact on care delivery. CM for STUD appears feasible and acceptable in hospital settings and may improve patient experience and engagement. Further research is needed to examine the effectiveness of hospital-based CM on patient outcomes during admission and postdischarge.

PMID 42498273
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PubMedInternational journal of exercise science2026-07-25

Mood States Across a Competitive Season in Collegiate Female Rowers: A Prospective Observational Analysis.

Dziugyte Rusne R, Sogard Abigail S AS, Cobb Emily A EA, Raglin John S JS et al.

This prospective observational study examined longitudinal changes in mood states, training load, sleep, and perceptual responses in collegiate female rowers over a competitive season, with the goal of informing applied athlete monitoring strategies. Twelve athletes completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) twice weekly and reported rating of perceived exertion (RPE), sleep quantity and quality, and weekly training distance throughout the spring season. Menstrual status was recorded descriptively. Significant improvements in psychological well-being were observed as the season progressed. Fatigue (p = 0.002), confusion (p = 0.026), TMD (p = 0.033), and sleep quality (p = 0.009) were significantly lower in the late season compared with early season, reflecting small-to-moderate effect sizes. Other mood subscales, including tension, depression, anger, and vigor, did not change significantly across the season. Similarly, sleep quantity remained similar throughout the season; however, sleep quality increased significantly (p = 0.009). Across all observations, higher perceived exertion was strongly associated with greater negative mood states, while reduced sleep quantity was associated with elevated tension and depression. Weekly training distance was not significantly related to mood disturbance, suggesting psychological responses were more closely linked to perceptual and recovery-related factors than to external training volume. These findings highlight the value of longitudinal psychological monitoring in collegiate female athletes and suggest that mood states may improve as athletes adapt to training and competitive demands. Regular assessment of mood, sleep, and perceived exertion may support individualized wellness planning, inform coaching and recovery strategies, and facilitate early identification of maladaptation in female collegiate sport settings.

PMID 42499687
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PubMedNature metabolism2026-07-25

Distinct brain regions mediate regulation of food intake in response to GIPR agonism or antagonism.

Lewis Jo Edward JE, Montaner Mireia M, Nuzzaci Danae D, James-Okoro Paula-Peace PP et al.

The development of dual agonists for the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) has been a landmark moment in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, for reasons that are incompletely understood, in preclinical and clinical studies, adding either a GIPR agonist or GIPR antagonist to GLP-1R agonism causes additional weight loss1. Here we show that distinct brain regions mediate the appetite-suppressing effects of GIPR agonists and the synergistic weight loss effects conferred by GIPR antagonists. We knock out Gipr in either the area postrema (AP) or hypothalamus of mice (GiprAP-KO and Giprhypo-KO, respectively) and compare body weight and food intake responses to GIPR agonists and antagonists, alone and in combination with the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. GiprAP-KO mice exhibit partial protection against diet-induced obesity, reduced responsiveness to the appetite-suppressing effects of acyl-GIP and a reduced ability of acyl-GIP to prevent avoidance triggered by peptide YY. Weight loss effects of liraglutide are comparable in GiprAP-KO and control mice, and the co-administration of a GIPR antagonist peptide causes similar additional weight loss in both groups. Giprhypo-KO mice, by contrast, exhibit normal appetite suppression by acyl-GIP but enhanced weight loss on liraglutide compared with control mice. Giprhypo-KO also abolishes the synergistic effect of a GIPR antagonist when combined with liraglutide-an effect that is not mediated by nucleus tractus solitarius preproglucagon neurons. GIPR antagonism and Giprhypo-KO also sensitise to cagrilintide-induced weight loss. Overall, our results suggest that the AP is responsible for the appetite-suppressing effects of GIPR agonism but that GIP receptors in the hypothalamus underlie the ability of GIPR antagonism to enhance the weight loss effects of GLP-1R and amylin receptor agonists.

PMID 42498824
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