Drug Database
EX

exenatide (exenatide LAR / AC 2993 LAR / Bydureon Pen)

✓ Approved

3SBio · GLP1R · Small Molecule

What is exenatide?

exenatide is a small molecule developed by 3SBio. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesexenatide LAR, AC 2993 LAR, Bydureon Pen
Company3SBio
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGLP1R
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, 3SBio

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

exenatide acts on 1 molecular target:

GLP1Rglucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R, GLP-1-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

exenatide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of multidisciplinary healthcare2026-11-12

Expert Consensus-Based Development of a Multidisciplinary Weekly Goal-Setting Framework for Subacute Stroke Rehabilitation.

Kang Kyoungyee K, Lee Junesung J, Lee Ji Won JW, Baek Chang-Yoon CY et al.

Multidisciplinary rehabilitation and structured goal setting are strongly recommended in subacute stroke care. However, in clinical practice, regular multidisciplinary goal-setting approaches have not been consistently implemented because of time and logistical constraints. To develop a structured multidisciplinary goal-setting framework for subacute stroke rehabilitation through a single-center expert consensus process. A multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation framework was developed through a targeted literature review and structured expert consensus meetings. A 12-member multidisciplinary panel held 10 face-to-face meetings at 2-week intervals to define the rehabilitation domains, workflow structure, and implementation strategy. Components were adopted through iterative multidisciplinary discussion until agreement was reached. No formal voting was conducted, and no quantitative consensus threshold was prespecified. The final framework comprised three phases: admission, weekly inpatient cycles, and discharge. It integrated domain-specific assessments and problem lists, with structured inpatient and weekly goals based on the specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timed criteria. In the framework, goal attainment is evaluated using goal attainment scaling, supported by weekly progress documentation. An electronic medical record-based asynchronous communication model was proposed for future implementation to support multidisciplinary coordination. This framework was designed to support structured weekly multidisciplinary goal setting after subacute stroke. Its feasibility, usability, and effects on clinical outcomes have not been evaluated, and prospective multicenter validation is required.

PMID 43017128
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in psychology2026-11-12

Weekly practice frequency of individual yoga components and subjective wellbeing in Hungarian yoga practitioners: a nationwide cross-sectional online survey.

Tornóczky Gusztáv József GJ, Yadav Sunil Singh SS, Nagy Henriett H, İlbak İsmail İ et al.

Yoga is a multidimensional mind-body practice, yet little is known about whether the weekly practice frequency of its individual components is differentially associated with subjective wellbeing (SWB). This study examined the associations between the weekly practice frequency of asana, pranayama, relaxation, and meditation and SWB among Hungarian yoga practitioners. A cross-sectional online survey based on convenience snowball sampling was conducted in April-May 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, among 379 adult yoga practitioners (44.31 ± 10.12 years). SWB was assessed using the World Health Organization-Five Wellbeing Index (WHO-5). Associations between participant characteristics and SWB were examined using one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlations. Separate ANCOVA models examined associations between the weekly practice frequency of each yoga component and SWB after adjustment for place of residence, other physical exercise, yoga practice duration, and yoga expertise (Holm-Bonferroni corrected). Independent associations were examined using multiple linear regression, with a dummy-coded sensitivity analysis. Place of residence, yoga expertise, other physical exercise, and, weakly, yoga practice duration were associated with SWB. After adjustment, all four yoga components remained significantly associated with higher SWB (corrected p ≤ 0.029), with medium effect sizes for asana (ηp2 = 0.070) and meditation (ηp2 = 0.061) and small effect sizes for pranayama (ηp2 = 0.050) and relaxation (ηp2 = 0.024). Daily practice was consistently associated with the highest SWB. The regression model explained only 12.9% of the variance in SWB (Cohen's f 2 = 0.15), and only asana (B = 0.69, 95% CI [0.22, 1.17]) and meditation frequency (B = 0.61, 95% CI [0.21, 1.00]) remained independently associated with SWB, as supported by the sensitivity analysis. In this predominantly female, highly educated convenience sample, more frequent weekly practice of all four yoga components was associated with higher SWB. However, after accounting for participant characteristics, yoga experience, and the overlap among components, only asana and meditation frequency remained independently associated with SWB. These associations were small, and most of the variance in SWB remained unexplained. Given the cross-sectional design, causal conclusions cannot be drawn and generalization should be cautious; longitudinal and intervention studies of individual yoga components are needed.

PMID 43016755
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation2026-11-12

Effectiveness of weekly ergocalciferol 40,000 IU versus 80,000 IU in chronic myofascial pain syndrome and vitamin D deficiency: A randomized, single-blind, active-controlled trial.

Chuengmankhong Chanakan C, Phongamwong Chanwit C

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency is prevalent in patients with chronic myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and has been proposed as a potential medical precipitating factor. However, no clinical trials have compared different vitamin D supplementation doses in patients with chronic MPS and vitamin D deficiency.ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the effects of weekly ergocalciferol 40,000 IU (standard dose) and 80,000 IU (high dose) on serum 25(OH)D levels and clinically meaningful pain reduction.MethodsIn this randomized, single-blind, active-controlled trial, 70 patients were randomly assigned to receive high-dose (n = 35) or standard-dose (n = 35) ergocalciferol for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was the proportion achieving optimal serum 25(OH)D (≥30 ng/mL). Secondary outcomes included ≥30% pain reduction and symptomatic adverse effects. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data.ResultsAt week 8, mean serum 25(OH)D was higher in the high-dose group than in the standard-dose group (46.6 ng/mL; 95% CI, 40.6-52.7 vs. 34.4 ng/mL; 95% CI, 30.9-37.9). However, the high-dose regimen did not significantly increase the odds of achieving optimal serum 25(OH)D (aOR, 3.23; 95% CI, 0.77-13.42) or ≥30% pain reduction (aOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.33-4.10). Clinically meaningful pain reduction occurred in 75.8% and 66.7% of the high- and standard-dose groups, respectively. No symptomatic adverse effects were reported in either group.ConclusionAlthough the 80,000-IU weekly regimen resulted in higher serum 25(OH)D levels, it did not demonstrate a significant advantage over the 40,000-IU weekly regimen in achieving optimal vitamin D status or clinically meaningful pain reduction after 8 weeks.

PMID 43017879
Read full article →
PubMedCell & bioscience2026-11-12

Recombinant GDF15 prophylaxis attenuates cardiorenal toxicity and fibrosis induced by doxorubicin and angiotensin II.

Fung Erik E, Luo Hangqi H, Chen Jack C H JCH, Zhu Wenjuan W et al.

Anthracycline chemotherapy induces cardiotoxicity through mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis that are exacerbated in vivo by angiotensin II (Ang II). Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-responsive cytokine with protective functions but its capacity to mitigate doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity and Ang II-associated cardiorenal stress remains unclear. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were used to evaluate Dox toxicity and to benchmark recombinant GDF15 against conventional dexrazoxane pretreatment. Cardiomyocyte viability, mitochondrial integrity and function, apoptosis, and transcriptome profiles by RNA sequencing were evaluated. To determine in vivo efficacy, C57BL/6 J mice were administered GDF15 (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 24 h before once weekly Dox (5 mg/kg). Ang II was infused subcutaneously via surgically implanted osmotic pump. Mice were sacrificed for histopathologic analysis 1 week after the fourth cycle of Dox. In vitro, Dox-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of membrane potential, transcriptional dysregulation, and apoptosis were significantly attenuated by recombinant GDF15 pretreatment, with efficacy comparable to dexrazoxane. Cytotoxic effects of daunorubicin on cardiomyocytes were also attenuated by GDF15. In vivo, Ang II, Dox, and Dox + Ang II induced cardiorenal injury characterized by hypertension, sarcomere disarray, myocardial and renal fibrosis, and glomerular, tubular, and perivascular abnormalities. GDF15 prophylaxis mitigated these pathologic changes, preserved myocardial and renal tissue architecture, and reduced cardiorenal fibrosis. Recombinant GDF15 pretreatment can protect the heart and kidneys from Dox-induced cardiorenal toxicity and Ang II-exacerbated injury. These findings encourage further investigation into GDF15 as a potential prophylaxis against cardiorenal toxicity associated with anthracycline chemotherapy and renin-angiotensin system activation.

PMID 43015850
Read full article →
PubMedZhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology2026-11-12

[Testicular leukemia and its treatment in prepubertal males: An update].

Liu Yang Y, Fan Demin D, Wang Jin J, Zhao Zuohui Z

Childhood testicular leukemia (TL) is a secondary or metastatic malignant tumor which is caused by infiltration of blood leukemic cells into testicular tissue, and it is one of the extramedullary infiltration manifestations of acute leukemia. Due to the existence of the blood-testis barrier, the testicles become a sanctuary for leukemia cells. Once TL occurs, systemic intensive chemotherapy, local treatment of the testis (radiotherapy or orchiectomy) or immunotherapy are often required. At present, research on the surgical treatment of TL in children is very rare both at home and abroad. This review focuses on the clinical features, pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of pediatric TL, aiming to provide a reference for precise clinical diagnosis and treatment.

PMID 43017721
Read full article →
PubMedOral diseases2026-11-12

aPDT Applied in Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

de Souza Mayara Nanci MN, das Neves Lopes Fernanda F, da Silva Amanda Feitoza AF, Rocha André Caroli AC et al.

To evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in patients with osteoradionecrosis and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Sixty patients diagnosed with osteoradionecrosis (n = 21) or medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (n = 39) were randomized to receive either standard therapy (0.12% chlorhexidine irrigation and systemic antibiotics when indicated; n = 28) or standard therapy plus antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (n = 32). The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy protocol consisted of a topical methylene blue application followed by low-level laser irradiation (660 nm, 4 J, 100 mW, 40 s per point), performed weekly. The primary endpoint was complete healing. Complete healing was observed in 40.6% of patients treated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (13/32), whereas no cases were observed in the standard therapy group (0/28) (OR 39.5; 95% CI 2.21-704; p < 0.001). Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy improved healing outcomes and reduced the need for surgical intervention in patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws. These findings support aPDT as a promising conservative adjunct in the management of osteoradionecrosis and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws.

PMID 43016180
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about exenatide