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alendronate sodium (Fosamax 70 / Alendil 70 / Endrox)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is alendronate sodium?

alendronate sodium is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesFosamax 70, Alendil 70, Endrox
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Therapeutic Indications

alendronate sodium is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersOsteoporosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-11-12

A multi-dimensional comparative evaluation of ten injectable neuroprotective agents for acute ischemic stroke based on the Chinese guideline for drug selection.

Yao Zhisheng Z, Zhang Yuxin Y, Bai Hui H, Yuan Yani Y et al.

To conduct a multi-dimensional, comparative evaluation of ten commonly used injectable neuroprotective agents to provide an evidence-based reference for rational drug selection and clinical application in treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In accordance with A Quick Guideline for Drug Evaluation and Selection in Chinese Medical Institutions (3rd Edition), this study quantitatively assessed ten injectable neuroprotective agents. The evaluation utilized a comprehensive, evidence-based approach, sourcing data from drug package inserts, clinical guidelines, and multiple scientific databases. Each drug was scored across five dimensions: pharmaceutical properties, efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, and other relevant attributes. The comprehensive evaluation yielded a ranked list of the neuroprotective agents. The top three scoring drugs were Butylphthalide and Sodium Chloride Injection (70.17 points), Urinary Kallidinogenase for Injection (69.21 points), and Edaravone and Dexborneol Concentrated Solution for Injection (67.82 points). Conversely, Citicoline Sodium Injection received the lowest score (32.97 points), primarily due to insufficient evidence supporting its clinical efficacy. Stratified recommendation levels were strictly defined based on composite scores: only Butylphthalide and Sodium Chloride Injection met the threshold for the Strongly Recommended category, while Urinary Kallidinogenase for Injection and Edaravone and Dexborneol Concentrated Solution for Injection were classified as Weakly Recommended agents. This study provides a quantitative, multi-dimensional ranking that identifies only Butylphthalide and Sodium Chloride Injection as the strongly recommended neuroprotective agent, with Urinary Kallidinogenase and Edaravone Dexborneol serving as weakly recommended alternatives for AIS within the Chinese healthcare context. These results offer a direct, evidence-based tool for hospital pharmacy committees to optimize drug formularies and for clinicians to make more standardized treatment decisions. By bridging the evidence gap between various agents, this evaluation framework supports more rational drug application and helps reduce variability in clinical neuroprotective therapy in Chinese medical institutions.

PMID 43016718
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PubMedDalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)2026-11-12

Acetate-assisted Na modification of (NH4)2V6O16 cathodes for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion storage.

Chen Juntong J, Yang Qing Q, Shu Kaikai K, Tian Xiaodong X et al.

Layered vanadium-based compounds are considered ideal positive electrode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity. Nevertheless, the high charge density of Zn2+ induces sluggish diffusion kinetics, and the vanadium-oxygen layers are prone to collapse over the course of cycling, thereby severely impeding their practical utilization. In this study, a series of sodium-modified (NH4)2V6O16 cathode materials were synthesized via a sodium acetate-assisted hydrothermal method to modulate the structural and surface chemical environment of the layered vanadate. Structural and compositional characterization results further indicate that the Na-modified samples retain the host crystal phase of ammonium vanadate and comparable V-O framework vibrational characteristics, while the surface oxygen chemical environment and vanadium valence state distribution are modified, with the V4+/V5+ ratio increasing from 0.18 in pristine NVO to 0.34 in NVONa-2. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the charge transfer resistance of NVONa-2 decreases from 43.5 Ω for NVO to 10.3 Ω, and GITT results further confirm improved Zn2+ diffusion kinetics. The optimized NVONa-2 electrode retains a specific discharge capacity of 219.5 mAh g-1 after 3400 cycles at 5 A g-1, corresponding to a capacity retention of 99.9% calculated relative to the initial specific discharge capacity. These results collectively demonstrate that sodium acetate-assisted precursor composition regulation yields Na-modified ammonium vanadate cathode materials with favorable interfacial charge transfer and Zn2+ diffusion kinetics, achieving superior high-rate long-cycle performance, and thus providing an effective strategy for the development of high-performance cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

PMID 43018430
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PubMedJDS communications2026-11-12

Effects of increasing acetate, butyrate, and β-hydroxybutyrate on expression of lipogenic genes in bovine mammary epithelial cell culture.

Haile Abiel A, Harvatine Kevin J KJ

Acetate and butyrate are the main lipogenic short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). β-Hydroxybutyrate is synthesized primarily from butyrate and can also serve as a substrate for mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis. Acetate supplementation in vivo increases milk fat yield, but the direct effects of SCFA and BHB on transcriptional regulation of lipid synthesis in mammary epithelial cells remain unclear. This study was designed to specifically evaluate the direct effects of increasing sodium butyrate, sodium acetate, and BHB on lipogenic gene expression in mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). Cells were treated for 24 h with 0, 4, 8, or 12 mM of each, and expression of the ACSS2, ACACA, FASN, SCD1, INSIG1, and SREBF1C genes were analyzed. Butyrate increased lipogenic genes to the greatest extent, with a dramatic increase in SREBF1c (>14-fold at 12 mM), FASN, ACACA, and SCD1. Sodium acetate had modest effects, increasing ACSS2 and SCD1 expression without broad activation of other lipogenic genes. However, BHB increased FASN (∼16-fold at 8 mM) but had minimal effects on SREBF1c, INSIG1, or SCD1. We found that BHB also increased PPARG and FABP3, which was not observed with acetate or butyrate. In summary, butyrate strongly increased expression of mammary lipogenic genes, consistent with both its role as a preferred primer for fatty acid synthesis and reported HDAC-inhibitory activity. Acetate and BHB exerted more limited, pathway-specific responses, underscoring potentially distinct mechanisms of SCFA-mediated regulation of expression of lipid metabolism enzymes in the mammary gland. Future work will be needed to determine the functional roles on the rate of lipid synthesis.

PMID 43016487
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PubMedJournal of food science and technology2026-11-12

Comparative analysis of physical-chemical of synthetic stabilizer (sodium tripolyphosphate) replacement with natural alternatives (mixture of pea protein and citrus flour from orange peel) in seasoned and chilled chicken cuts.

Mamus Cecília Pinzon CP, de Mattos Gisely G, Droval Adriana Aparecida AA, Marques Leila Larisa Medeiros LLM et al.

The use of synthetic stabilizers in foods, such as sodium tripolyphosphate, has been widely adopted to improve preservation, but its impact on health and the growing demand for natural products has encouraged the search for natural alternatives. This study aims to replace the synthetic stabilizer (sodium tripolyphosphate) with natural alternatives, such as pea protein and dehydrated orange peel flour (Y200), in seasoned and chilled chicken cuts, evaluating the effectiveness of these alternatives in product preservation. Five formulations were tested: A1 (0.5% Y200 natural stabilizer), A2 (0.85% Y200), A3 (0.3% synthetic stabilizer and 0.5% Y200), control (C, no stabilizer), and standard (P, 0.5% synthetic stabilizer). Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was monitored for 11 days, and other tests were conducted for 14 days. The A2 formulation exhibited the lowest moisture content on day 11 (66.16%), with higher pH values on days 7 (7.04) and 11 (7.07). Protein peaked on day 11 in P (17.00%) and initially in A1 (16.98%). A2 retained more moisture than the control but less than the standard. The A2 formulation with 0.85% natural stabilizer demonstrated superior moisture and pH levels, crucial for moisture retention and protein expansion. TBARS values indicated effective inhibition of lipid oxidation. The incorporation of Y200 proved to be a viable alternative to synthetic additives, showing promising results across all analyses, particularly in preserving product quality and reducing lipid oxidation. The results of this study highlight the potential for replacing synthetic stabilizers with natural alternatives, contributing to the development of healthier food products with fewer chemical additives and aligning with the growing trend of markets seeking cleaner-label products.

PMID 43016674
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PubMedBiologics : targets & therapy2026-11-12

Sodium Thiosulfate for the Treatment of Refractory Pruritus Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Case Report.

Han Xiaoyang X, Zhang Wan W, Zhu Huizhan H, Hao Yang Y et al.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been successfully used to treat multiple types of cancer, including metastatic melanoma, with outstanding clinical efficacy. However, ICIs can also cause a range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) involving cutaneous reactions, restricting their application. Such skin reactions closely resemble autoimmune diseases or inflammatory skin diseases such as scleroderma, psoriasis, and dermatomyositis. Herein, we present a case report detailing serious immune-related pruritus and rash in a patient with metastatic melanoma undergoing anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. After the second cycle of toripalimab, the patient developed a grade 2 rash, which completely resolved after treatment. Following the third cycle, the patient developed pruritus and rash that worsened and were assessed as grade 3 immune-related cutaneous adverse events. After one week of conventional antiallergic and antipruritic treatment, the rash improved, but the pruritus persisted and worsened. Subsequent administration of sodium thiosulfate (STS) led to improvement in pruritus. Pruritus and rash are cutaneous adverse events associated with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. This case provides a potential solution for anti-pruritus therapy and emphasizes the significance of promptly diagnosing and preventing aggravation of symptoms.

PMID 43017156
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PubMedACS applied materials & interfaces2026-11-12

Harmonized Na-Site Occupancy and Fe Local Structure in a Mixed-Phosphate Cathode for All-Climate Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Chen Yan Y, Su Yuefeng Y, Sun Wenbin W, Lv Zekai Z et al.

Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP) has attracted considerable attention as a low-cost, structurally stable cathode for sodium-ion batteries. However, its commercialization is severely hampered by electrochemically inert impurities from conventional synthesis and insufficient energy density. Herein, we report a heteroatom-free strategy combining precursor pathway engineering with Na-site regulation and local Fe-environment modulation to synthesize a phase-pure NFPP-type cathode using a nominal Na3.67Fe2.67(PO4)1.67(P2O7) precursor stoichiometry. The resulting N3.67F2.67PP sample exhibits distinct Na-site occupancies from conventional NFPP. Theoretical calculations and experimental characterizations demonstrate that increased occupation ratios of Na4 and Na2 sites collectively elevate the discharge voltage plateau and enhance cycling stability. Meanwhile, precise regulation of the Na/Fe/PO4/P2O7 ratio modulates the electronic structure of Fe and increases Fe-O coordination disorder, markedly boosting Na+ migration kinetics and electronic conductivity. Consequently, the optimized material delivers a high specific capacity of 110.4 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, retains 98.6% of its capacity after 1700 cycles at 1 C, and exhibits an impressive 103.5 mAh g-1 at 10 C. It also exhibits superior performance over a wide temperature range from -40 to 60 °C. Notably, Ah-level pouch and cylindrical batteries assembled with kilogram-scale materials achieve outstanding performance, highlighting a practical route toward commercialization. This work clarifies the structure-property relationship of NFPP-based materials and provides valuable guidance for designing high-performance mixed-phosphate cathodes.

PMID 43018155
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