Drug Database
TE

testosterone enanthate (Vibex QS T / QS T / Xyosted)

✓ Approved

Antares Pharma, Inc. · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone enanthate?

testosterone enanthate is a steroids developed by Antares Pharma, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesVibex QS T, QS T, Xyosted
CompanyAntares Pharma, Inc.
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInjectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Antares Pharma, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone enanthate acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone enanthate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-07-25

Ethanol-free nanostructured lipid carrier hydrogels as alternatives to hydroalcoholic gels and compounded creams for dermal testosterone delivery: physicochemical stability, ex vivo human skin penetration and cellular compatibility.

Schmolz Jakob J, Barker Stefanie S, Schwan Anna A, Pfleger Tanja T et al.

Topical testosterone therapy is widely used for testosterone replacement therapy and gender-affirming hormone therapy, but available hydroalcoholic gels contain high ethanol concentrations that may compromise skin barrier integrity during repeated use. In parallel, testosterone creams are prepared through pharmaceutical compounding. However, they lack data on physicochemical stability, skin penetration potential, and cellular compatibility. This study aimed to develop ethanol-free nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based hydrogels as alternatives for dermal testosterone delivery. Testosterone-loaded NLCs were prepared, characterized for physicochemical stability, and incorporated into hydrogel matrices based on Sepinov™ EMT 10, Sepilife™ G305 and Carbopol® 980. Their performance was compared with Ultrasicc®- and Pentravan®-based testosterone creams and the hydroalcoholic reference Testogel® in terms of physicochemical stability, ex vivo human skin penetration, ex vivo skin hydration, and cellular compatibility. The phospholipid-based Lipoid® S75/polysorbate 80 NLCs showed nanoscale particle sizes, high encapsulation efficiency, and sufficient storage stability over 12 weeks. Among the NLC-based hydrogels, the Carbopol-based formulation provided the most robust pH and rheological stability. Confocal Raman spectroscopy showed that NLC gels achieved testosterone accumulation in the stratum corneum comparable to ethanolic Testogel® and compounded Ultrasicc® cream. NLC gels maintained stratum corneum hydration and preserved keratinocyte viability. Remarkably, NLC gels and Ultrasicc® exhibited around 80% cell viability in contrast to Testogel® (71%) and Pentravan® (61%). In summary, Carbopol-based NLC gel exhibited the highest storage stability at both 8 and 23 °C and delivered testosterone to the human stratum corneum in a finite dose ex vivo setup in a similar manner to a marketed reference product.

PMID 42497934
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PubMedClinical nutrition ESPEN2026-07-25

Betaine supplementation has no effect on sex hormones in premenopausal women with overweight or obesity: A randomized controlled trial.

Zawieja Emilia E, Młodzik-Czyżewska Monika M, Chmurzyńska Agata A

Betaine supplementation has been shown to increase total testosterone concentrations in physically active men. However, its effects in women have not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of betaine supplementation on sex hormone concentrations in women with overweight and obesity. This was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Premenopausal women (18-45 years; n = 36) with overweight or obesity received either 3 g/day of betaine (BET) or a placebo (PLA) for eight weeks. Each participant attended two study meetings (before and after the supplementation) at the Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland between September 2024 and April 2025. Biological samples were collected before and after supplementation to assess sex hormone concentrations, which were measured using ELISA. There were no significant time × treatment interactions in the concentrations of sex hormones: plasma testosterone concentration: p = 0.496, salivary testosterone concentration: p = 0.882, plasma DHEA-S concentration: p = 0.498, plasma SHBG concentration: p = 0.775, plasma estradiol concentration: p = 0.378, plasma cortisol: p = 0.504. No statistically significant effect of betaine supplementation was detected on sex hormone concentrations in premenopausal women with overweight or obesity, however larger and longer-term studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Clinical trial registry entry: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06344377.

PMID 42498161
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PubMedWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2026-07-25

Sex Hormones and the Risk of Nasal Polyps: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhu Ying Y, Zhou Jia-Yao JY, Zhang Shi-Yao SY, Tang Ru R et al.

The pathophysiological roles of sex hormones in airway inflammation have drawn much attention recently. We aimed to explore the causal effect of sex hormones on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NP) via a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Genetic traits for serum bioavailable testosterone (BioT), total testosterone (ToT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol were extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) containing 425,097 European individuals from the UK Biobank, while outcome data were obtained from the FinnGen data set. Two-sample MR analysis was performed to assess the association of sex hormones and NP or CRS with the inverse variance weighted method as the main analysis, together with sensitivity analyses. Genetically predicted BioT levels showed a possible inverse association with both NP (OR = 0.669, p = 0.009) and CRS (OR = 0.792, p = 0.014) in the overall population, though these associations were marginally above the traditional significance threshold after multiple testing correction (FDR = 0.054). Sex-stratified analyses revealed potentially stronger protective associations in females, with higher BioT associated with lower odds of NP. No significant causal effects of estradiol or SHBG on NP or CRS were identified in the available GWAS data. Our MR analyses suggest a possible inverse relationship between genetically predicted serum BioT levels and the risk of both CRS and NP, with potentially stronger effects in females. Further observational and experimental studies are necessary to validate these genetic associations and explore the potential immunomodulatory mechanisms by which testosterone may influence sinonasal inflammation.

PMID 42500089
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PubMedScientific reports2026-07-25

The link between diabetes and male infertility: mechanisms and implications.

Haffez Hesham H, Mosaad Mohamed M, Rezk Ahmed Y AY, Sayed Ahmed A et al.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing global health crisis affecting male reproductive function, yet the enhanced combined effects of diabetes with pre-existing fertility abnormalities remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the individual and combined effects of diabetes and abnormal semen parameters on male reproductive function and the underlying apoptotic mechanisms. Thirty-nine men were enrolled and stratified into two phases: a validation cohort (nondiabetic vs. diabetic; fertile vs. abnormally infertile) and a four-group mechanistic study (normal nondiabetic (n = 10), abnormal nondiabetic (n = 11), normal diabetic (n = 10), and abnormal diabetic (n = 8)). We assessed HbA1c, FSH, LH, testosterone, semen parameters, sperm apoptosis (Annexin V/PI flow cytometry), DNA fragmentation (diphenylamine), and expression of apoptotic markers (caspase-3, cytochrome c, Bax, and Bcl-2) at gene and protein levels. Diabetic patients had significantly higher HbA1c (9.6 ± 2.31% vs. 5.49 ± 0.42%, p < 0.001), elevated FSH and LH, and reduced testosterone. Abnormal infertile patients showed impaired motility and morphology. The abnormal diabetic group had the most severe dysfunction: lowest rapid progressive motility (11.3 ± 3.10%, p < 0.001 vs. control) and highest early apoptosis (58.9 ± 8.79%, p < 0.0001). Protein analysis showed a pro-apoptotic shift with an elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (3.64), increased cytochrome-c, and caspase-3 activation exclusively in this group (p < 0.0001). Diabetes and abnormal semen parameters exert enhanced combined detrimental effects on male fertility via enhanced activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Diabetic men with pre-existing fertility abnormalities exhibit the most severe phenotype and require prioritized clinical intervention.

PMID 42498725
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PubMedIndian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB2026-07-25

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Levels in Women with Different Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and its Correlation with Lipid and Hormonal Profile.

Kaur Mandeep M, Singh Sukhjashanpreet S, Beri Archana A, Kaur Anupam A

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-metabolic disorder and one of the leading causes of infertility in women. The hallmarks of PCOS include polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, and anovulation. Oxidative stress (OS) is blamed to be an intriguing factor in developing metabolic syndromes. The present study recruited 141 PCOS cases, and 137 control women to determine serum OS levels and their correlation with lipid and hormonal profile. Student's t-test, chi-square, Pearson correlation, multiple comparison analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to calculate the significance of the study. PCOS women had significantly increased levels of triglycerides, VLDL, total testosterone, LH, MDA, TOS, and OSI (p < 0.05). Levels of TAC were significantly lower in cases and showed a negative correlation with lipid profile, WHR, and total testosterone, while LH had a positive correlation. A positive correlation of MDA, TOS, and OSI levels was observed with BMI, WHR, hyperandrogenism, and lipid profile. Among all 4 phenotypes of PCOS, phenotype C had the lowest OS, followed by phenotype D and then phenotypes A and B. The ROC curve demonstrated that MDA had statistically significant diagnostic efficiency with the cut-off value of 2.9 umol/L (p < 0.05). The present study concluded that PCOS women with ovulatory dysfunction had more OS, indicating the role of OS in anovulation. Hyperandrogenism, obesity, and dyslipidemia were significantly correlated with increased OS and reduced antioxidant levels, revealing the relationship between clinical features of PCOS and OS.

PMID 42500343
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PubMedInternational journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society2026-07-25

Cervical cancer screening among transgender and gender diverse individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Srajer Amelia A, Hutchinson John M JM, Metcalfe Amy A, Brenner Darren R DR et al.

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies comparing cervical cancer screening participation and Pap cytology results between transgender/gender diverse individuals and cisgender female individuals. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched from database inception to January 7, 2026, by 2 independent reviewers. Primary observational studies reporting up-to-date cervical cancer screening and/or Pap test results in transgender/gender diverse individuals with a cervix compared with cisgender female individuals were included. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines, data were independently extracted and critically appraised in duplicate. Twenty-one studies were included, with sample sizes ranging from 116 to 238,036 participants or Pap tests. Twelve studies (57.1%) assessed up-to-date screening, and 9 (42.9%) reported un-satisfactory and abnormal Pap cytology. Compared with cisgender female individuals, transgender/gender diverse individuals had significantly lower odds of being up to date on cervical cancer screening (odds ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 0.79). Estimates were similar when stratified by self-report versus medical record data. Transgender/gender diverse individuals had more than 9-fold higher odds of un-satisfactory cytology (odds ratio 9.92, 95% confidence interval 7.42 to 13.26). Overall, abnormal cytology did not differ between groups (odds ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.37 to 1.49). In stratified analyses, lower odds of abnormal cytology for transgender/gender diverse individuals were observed among studies with mixed or unspecified testosterone use (odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.60) and in studies using all-comer versus atrophic cisgender comparators (odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.33 to 0.59). Findings for un-satisfactory cytology did not differ significantly across these strata. There was no evidence of small-study effects. Transgender/gender diverse individuals with a cervix are less likely to be up to date on cervical cancer screening and more likely to have un-satisfactory Pap cytology. Abnormal cytology appears similar overall but varies across testosterone use and comparator strata. These findings underscore the need for anatomically inclusive, evidence-based screening guidelines and evaluation of alternative approaches, such as primary human papillomavirus testing, to improve cervical cancer screening equity and effectiveness.

PMID 42497580
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