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influenza vaccine (Agriflu / eTIV_a / Begripal)

✓ Approved

Novartis AG · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is influenza vaccine?

influenza vaccine is a vaccine developed by Novartis AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAgriflu, eTIV_a, Begripal
CompanyNovartis AG
Drug ClassVaccine
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novartis AG

Related Research Articles

PubMedDiagnostic microbiology and infectious disease2026-07-25

Genomic evolution patterns of influenza A/H1N1 in Iraqi patients revealed by nanopore sequencing.

Owaid Farah M FM, Fadhil Hula Y HY

Influenza viruses have high mutation rates and cause serious health problems worldwide. In our population, no study has examined mutations and their variation relative to the wild-type and vaccine strains. Study focused on whole-genome sequencing to characterize the virus, construct phylogenetic trees, analyze mutations, and assess nucleotide diversity. Nasal swabs were collected from 170 patients with RTI (SARI or ILI) in Baghdad and Wasit from November 2024 to March 2025, and tested for influenza A virus detection and typing by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The 14 positive viral genomes were sequenced using the MinION nanopore platform. 49 influenza viral genomes were identified as positive cases, comprising 48 A/H1N1 and 1 A/H3N2 strain. Nine complete A/H1N1 were sequenced, revealing nonsynonymous mutations, especially in the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) genes. Nucleotide diversity analysis revealed negative selection in certain A/H1N1 genes. Mutations were detected in antigenic and functional regions of HA and NA, indicating ongoing antigenic drift in circulating strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Iraqi isolates were closely related to contemporary regional and global strains reported from neighboring countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, and were partially genetically related to recent vaccine strains such as A/Wisconsin/67/2022 and A/Missouri/11/2025. By contrast, the older vaccine strains suggest that Iraqi influenza viruses are evolving slowly, accumulating mutations continuously, while the important internal proteins are conserved. Mutations across all eight genome segments will be crucial for elucidating the genetic evolution of influenza A viruses in Iraq.

PMID 42497629
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PubMedImmunological reviews2026-07-25

The Dual Role of Preexisting Immunity in Influenza: Protective Recall Versus Constraint of Novel Responses.

Fox Annette A, Zhu Ziheng Z, Sánchez-Ovando Stephany S

Preexisting immunity to influenza confers rapid protection against antigenically matched viruses but can also constrain responses to drifted variants. This review asks when and why prior infection or vaccination is protective versus detrimental, and which biological mechanisms-epitope masking by circulating antibody, inhibitory FcγRIIb signaling, and competitive dominance by affinity-matured memory B cells-drive these outcomes. We synthesize human cohort, serological, and vaccine-effectiveness data with mechanistic mouse and fate-mapping studies to explore how vaccine formulation, antigen dose, antigenic distance and T cell help modulate the balance between memory recall and recruitment of naïve B cells. Finally, we outline strategies (higher dose, adjuvants, multivalent display, and considered strain selection) to restore de novo responses against escape epitopes and improve vaccine performance.

PMID 42499177
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PubMedFrontiers in public health2026-07-25

Respiratory symptoms, vaccination coverage, and antibiotic use among Hajj pilgrims: a multi-season cross sectional study (2023-2025).

Qashqari Fadi S I FSI

Respiratory tract infections are the most frequently reported illnesses during Hajj, one of the world's largest recurring mass gatherings. The convergence of millions of pilgrims from diverse geographic regions in Makkah, Saudi Arabia creates conditions conducive to the transmission of respiratory pathogens. Understanding patterns of infection, vaccination coverage, and antibiotic use across multiple seasons is essential to inform preventive strategies. A multi-season cross-sectional study was conducted during three consecutive Hajj seasons (2023-2025). Adult pilgrims were recruited and interviewed using a standardized structured questionnaire. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, vaccination history (meningococcal, influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal), comorbidities, smoking behavior, respiratory symptoms, healthcare-seeking behavior, and antibiotic use. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with respiratory symptoms and antibiotic consumption. A total of 712 human participants (adult Hajj pilgrims) were enrolled. Overall, 38.9% reported at least one respiratory symptom at the time of assessment, with cough (28.1%), sore throat (23.5%), and runny nose (21.9%) being most common. Chronic lung disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.36; 95% CI 1.42-3.92), presence of ≥1 chronic condition (aOR 1.58; 95% CI 1.12-2.24), and current smoking (aOR 1.74; 95% CI 1.15-2.63) were independently associated with respiratory symptoms. Influenza vaccination was associated with reduced odds of multi-symptom respiratory illness (aOR 0.72; 95% CI 0.53-0.98). Among symptomatic participants, 29.6% reported antibiotic use, frequently in the absence of febrile illness. Vaccination coverage was high for meningococcal vaccine (96.1%), while pneumococcal vaccination coverage remained lower. Respiratory symptoms remain a substantial health burden among Hajj pilgrims across consecutive seasons. Chronic lung disease and smoking increase susceptibility, while influenza vaccination appears protective. The frequent use of antibiotics highlights the need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship. Enhanced vaccination uptake, targeted risk communication, and integrated prevention strategies are critical to mitigating respiratory infection risks during mass gatherings and safeguarding global public health.

PMID 42500006
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PubMedFrontiers in nutrition2026-07-25

Glycemic and lipid responses to selenium-enriched vs. zeaxanthin-enriched eggs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week randomized controlled trial.

Niu Xiaokang X, Zhang Yong Y, Liu Yinghua Y, Zhu Yinhua Y et al.

The present study investigated the effect of selenium-enriched eggs (SE egg) vs. zeaxanthin-enriched eggs (ZE egg) on glycemic and lipid metabolism in patients with diabetes. Fifty-eight patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and randomly divided into group SE egg (27 subjects) and ZE egg (31 subjects). The two groups of participants consumed either SE egg or ZE egg twice a day for a total of 12 weeks of intervention. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to detect changes in blood glucose and lipid levels. After the intervention, the fasting blood glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and triglyceride-glucose index of both SE and ZE groups of subjects significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Among subjects with a baseline glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 8.9%, eggs from both groups showed an enhanced improvement in glucose and lipid metabolism. The ZE egg group showed a significant decrease in triglycerides (p = 0.0007) and an increase in homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (p = 0.06). There was no significant difference in HbA1c between the two groups after the intervention. This study demonstrates that SE egg and ZE eggs have comparable effects on improving glucose metabolism profiles in diabetic patients, with an improved efficacy observed in subjects with lower baseline HbA1c levels. Furthermore, ZE eggs suggest potential benefits in lowering TG levels. https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.html, Identifer, ChiCTR2300077522.

PMID 42500235
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PubMedJournal of the International AIDS Society2026-07-25

Behavioural and Structural Determinants of Mpox Vaccine Awareness and Uptake Among People With HIV in the Dominican Republic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Paulino-Ramirez Robert R, Matias Wilfredo R WR, Chaumette Alexandre A, Lora-Rodríguez Hector H et al.

Mpox disproportionately affects people with HIV (PWH), yet little is known about mpox vaccine awareness and uptake in low- and middle-income countries. We evaluated mpox-related knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) among PWH in the Dominican Republic to identify determinants of vaccine awareness and uptake. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of 98 PWH recruited through HIV clinics, community-based organizations and social networks (January-May 2025). The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics, mpox-related KAP, structural barriers and vaccination status. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine factors associated with mpox vaccine awareness. Half of the participants (49/98) were aware of the mpox vaccine. Individuals aged 31-40 years had significantly lower odds of awareness compared with those aged 21-30 years. Despite high levels of formal education, 79% rated their mpox knowledge as low, and most perceived minimal personal risk. Among participants aware of the vaccine, 71% had been vaccinated. Structural barriers, including inconvenient site locations and logistical challenges, were frequently reported, even among vaccinated individuals, indicating that access limitations rather than hesitancy were the dominant constraints. Trust in vaccinating organizations was high overall, and healthcare providers and community organizations were the primary sources of vaccine information. Peer and community influence emerged as notable facilitators of uptake, while lack of reliable information and concerns about vaccine safety contributed to hesitancy. Mpox vaccine awareness among PWH in the Dominican Republic was low, but willingness to vaccinate was high when individuals were informed and able to access services. Strengthening mpox preparedness will require expanding accessible vaccination sites, improving disease-specific health literacy, and leveraging trusted community and clinical networks. Integrating mpox vaccination into routine HIV care delivery and enhancing community-led outreach may substantially improve uptake in this and similar low-middle income countries (LMIC) settings.

PMID 42499164
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PubMedPoultry science2026-07-25

Dietary fish oil, microalgae, and plant oils differentially influence egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, nutritional lipid quality indices, and fatty acid transfer efficiency in laying hens.

Konca Yusuf Y, Yusuf Qali Mohamed QM, Yalçin Hasan H, Israr Muhammad M et al.

This study evaluated the effects of different dietary omega-3 fatty acid sources on production performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, fatty acid transfer efficiency, nutritional lipid quality indices, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. A total of 175 Super Nick White laying hens (54 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments for 14 weeks: a control diet containing 3% sunflower oil, 3% flaxseed oil, 3% hempseed oil, 3% fish oil, or 1.5% microalgae (Schizochytrium spp.) + 1.5% sunflower oil (MALG). Dietary treatments had no significant effects on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, or blood biochemical parameters (P > 0.05). However, egg quality traits were differentially affected by dietary oil source. Fish oil and MALG significantly improved Haugh unit, whereas hempseed oil reduced eggshell weight, shell ratio, and shell thickness but increased shell weight per unit surface area (P < 0.05). Yolk color characteristics were significantly altered, with MALG reducing Roche yolk color score, redness, and brightness (P < 0.05). Flaxseed oil markedly increased yolk α-linolenic acid, while fish oil and MALG significantly increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations (P < 0.05). Hempseed oil and MALG exhibited greater DHA transfer efficiency than fish oil, whereas fish oil showed the highest α-linolenic acid transfer rate (P < 0.05). Dietary lipid source also significantly influenced nutritional lipid quality indices. Flaxseed oil produced the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio and atherogenicity index, whereas hempseed oil yielded the highest PUFA/SFA ratio (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary omega-3 supplementation improved the nutritional quality of eggs without compromising laying performance or health status. Among the tested lipid sources, microalgae emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing yolk DHA while maintaining overall egg quality.

PMID 42497795
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