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levothyroxine sodium

✓ Approved

Institut Biochimique · TSHR · Small Molecule

What is levothyroxine sodium?

levothyroxine sodium is a small molecule developed by Institut Biochimique. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

CompanyInstitut Biochimique
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetTSHR
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Institut Biochimique

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

levothyroxine sodium acts on 1 molecular target:

TSHRthyroid stimulating hormone receptor (hTSHR-I, LGR3)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

levothyroxine sodium is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypothyroidism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism2026-10-22

Severe adrenal insufficiency coexisting with autoimmune thyroiditis (Schmidt's syndrome) - case report.

Dubas Katarzyna K, Flader Maciej M, Niedziela Marek M

We present a case report of a 14-year-old girl with Schmidt's syndrome, also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2. The previously healthy child began experiencing symptoms including weight loss, nausea, abdominal pain, and poor exercise tolerance. Symptoms worsened during infections, resulting in multiple hospitalisations at a district hospital. During one hospitalisation, autoimmune thyroiditis was diagnosed, and levothyroxine therapy was initiated. After starting levothyroxine treatment, the patient's condition deteriorated, and episodes of syncope appeared. She was admitted urgently to the Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, where primary adrenal insufficiency was diagnosed, and autoimmune thyroid disease was confirmed, constituting the two main components of Schmidt's syndrome. Hydrocortisone treatment was initiated, followed by levothyroxine therapy after three days. It should be remembered that patients with autoimmune thyroiditis may have other coexisting autoimmune diseases, including life-threatening adrenal insufficiency.

PMID 42902707
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PubMedThe Journal of the Association of Physicians of India2026-10-22

Etiological Spectrum of Hyponatremia in Tuberculous Meningitis: Insights from Referral Institute in Northern India.

Singla Neeraj N, Nc Meiherishankar M, Sharma Kusum K, Modi Manish M et al.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) causes death or severe disability in 50% of afflicted patients. Among the various complications, such as hydrocephalus, hyponatremia, cranial nerve palsies, seizures, and myeloradiculopathy, hyponatremia occurs more frequently, affecting 35-65% of patients with central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis. To study the prevalence of hyponatremia in patients with TBM and its correlation with the clinical profile, severity of illness, and outcome. In suspected TBM patients with low sodium levels, serum and urine osmolality were measured by an osmometer [Advanced Instruments, Inc. (2020)] to evaluate the possible causes. Patients underwent brain imaging to look for hydrocephalus, vasculitic infarcts, and basal exudates. They were followed up with serum sodium levels until the completion of treatment and repeat brain imaging during follow-up to assess radiological recovery. A total of 100 suspected TBM patients with a mean age of 32.6 years and predominantly female (57%) were included. The most common symptoms were fever, headache, altered sensorium, and seizures. The VI cranial nerve was most frequently involved. A total of 31% of patients presented in stage III, with a significant association with mortality (p = 0.002). Hyponatremia was seen in 57% of patients. The GeneXpert Ultra-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for tuberculosis was positive in 41% of patients. Basal exudates (p = 0.001) and tuberculomas (p = 0.004) on brain imaging had a significant association with mortality. On follow-up, 41% of patients had improvement, 35% expired, and 10% had a static condition. Repeat sodium levels along with brain imaging were assessed (p = 0.001). There was a high prevalence of hyponatremia in TBM patients, as seen in 57% of patients, which occurred most frequently due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), followed by cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS), and was related to the severity of TBM.

PMID 42902663
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PubMedDrug testing and analysis2026-10-22

Doping Control Analysis of Darbepoetin Alfa Biosimilars in Human Urine, Serum, Plasma, and Dried Blood Spots.

Akiyama Kentaro K, Sakurai Hikaru H, Sato Mitsuhiko M, Momobayashi Atsushi A et al.

Following the patent expiration of the originator darbepoetin alfa, three biosimilar products have been marketed in Japan; however, their detectability by current anti-doping methods has not yet been verified. The present study assessed whether these biosimilars can be detected in human urine, serum, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS) using the established initial testing procedure and confirmation analysis for erythropoietin-receptor agonists. The originator product and three biosimilars (5 μg, i.v.) were administered to healthy male volunteers. Samples collected up to 72 h postdose were subjected to immunopurification followed by sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SAR-PAGE) as the initial testing procedure. Confirmation was performed by SAR-PAGE with double blotting for serum and plasma. DBS and urine samples were confirmed by SAR-PAGE using an alternative antibody, and urine samples were further examined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). SAR-PAGE analysis of the pharmaceutical preparations revealed product-specific electrophoretic profiles: two biosimilars migrated slightly above one originator product as diffused smears, whereas the third produced a sharp band comparable to that of another originator product. Similar profiles were observed in postdose samples from all biological matrices, and all biosimilars remained detectable in urine, serum, plasma, and DBS for at least 72 h. Although some biosimilars showed distinct SAR-PAGE banding patterns, product attribution remained limited. LC-MS/MS confirmed administered darbepoetin alfa in the 24 h urine samples but did not detect analyte in lower concentration samples, indicating that its performance was concentration-dependent. Accordingly, SAR-PAGE should incorporate reference standards beyond the originator product, particularly those with different band morphologies.

PMID 42902912
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PubMedJournal of medical case reports2026-10-21

Thyroid nodule treated by herbal food composite formulation: a case report.

You Yi Y, Li Hui H

Thyroid nodules are a prevalent endocrine disorder with a global prevalence estimated to range from 5% to 67%. Conventional treatments, including surveillance, levothyroxine suppression therapy, and surgical resection, are often limited by side effects, invasiveness, and variable efficacy. To date, documented instances of spontaneous regression are exceedingly rare. In this case report, we present a 48-year-old Chinese Asian woman with bilateral thyroid nodules who experienced significant nodule regression after a 3.5-month intervention with herbal food composite formulation. The formula, comprising Aronia melanocarpa, Daucus carota, Apium graveolens, Citrus paradisi, and Litchi chinensis, was consumed as juice every other day post-lunch. The patient's ultrasound examination showed multiple mixed echogenic nodules in both thyroid lobes, with the largest nodule measuring 20.7 × 10.4 mm. After treatment, the nodules significantly decreased in size, and a lymph node in the left neck disappeared. This case raises the possibility that the herbal food composite formulation may have potential value to be explored as an auxiliary therapy for thyroid nodules, warranting further investigation in larger patient populations.

PMID 42902354
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PubMedTherapeutic hypothermia and temperature management2026-10-21

Renin-Aldosterone Activation and Enhanced Urinary Potassium Excretion in Asphyxiated Newborns Treated with Therapeutic Hypothermia: A Prospective Study.

Baştuğ Osman O, İnan Bahadır B, Özdemir Ahmet A, Baştuğ Funda F et al.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a critical neonatal condition for which therapeutic hypothermia (TH) remains the cornerstone of neuroprotective intervention. Clinical observations and prior studies note that electrolyte imbalances-particularly hyponatremia and hypokalemia-frequently emerge during TH. Therefore, this study explores how activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) may contribute to sodium (Na) and potassium (K) disturbances in asphyxiated neonates receiving TH. In this prospective study, 38 newborns with HIE treated with TH and 21 healthy term newborns were enrolled. Serum renin, aldosterone, Na, K, and urinary electrolyte levels were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours postnatally. Receiver operating characteristic analyses assessed the diagnostic performance of renin and aldosterone. Renin and aldosterone levels were significantly elevated in the TH group compared with controls (p < 0.05). Serum sodium levels were consistently lower at all time points (p = 0.001), while potassium levels were significantly reduced at 24 and 72 hours (p < 0.05). Fractional excretion of sodium was increased at 24 hours, and potassium excretion remained elevated throughout the TH period (p < 0.05). Among the biomarkers, aldosterone demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance at 24 hours (AUC = 0.919). Activation of the RAAS is evident in asphyxiated neonates undergoing TH, with aldosterone playing a pivotal role in electrolyte disturbances. These results highlight the clinical importance of vigilant monitoring and timely correction of serum sodium and potassium levels during the hypothermia protocol.

PMID 42902593
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PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-10-21

Anion-Cation Targeted Regulation Enables Ultrafast and Stable Sodium Metal Batteries at Low Temperatures.

Zhang Tonghui T, Xiao Ying Y, Han Yu Y, Wang Xinyu X et al.

Anion-dominated solvation and artificial interfacial engineering have been intensively pursued for low-temperature sodium-metal batteries (SMBs), yet they face constraints from temperature-sensitive solvation dynamics and interfacial control. Here we propose anion-cation-targeted regulation via Sn(OTf)2 that simultaneously constructs a solvent-reinforced solvation structure and electrochemically induces an alloy-based solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) (Na15Sn4), which goes beyond the prevailing anion-centric strategy to address the critical challenges of SMBs at subzero temperatures. Competitive Sn2+-Na+ coordination excludes PF6 - from the primary solvation sheath, while OTf- and the ether groups of diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) coupling foster a solvent-dominated configuration, substantially reducing the Na+ desolvation energy barrier at low temperatures. This design enables Na||Na3V2(PO4)3 cells to deliver a recorded 1050 cycles at -20°C and 20 C, and nearly 700 cycles at -50°C. Ah-scale pouch cells sustain durable 450 cycles at -20°C, with a 6 Ah cell reaching 215 Wh kg-1 at 25°C (total cell mass). Our findings resolve the longstanding trade-off between low-temperature kinetics and stability in SMBs, offering a new design rationale beyond conventional interfacial engineering.

PMID 42902465
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