Drug Database
TI

timolol (timolol, Merck / Timoptol)

✓ Approved

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. · ADRB1 · Small Molecule

What is timolol?

timolol is a small molecule developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via others.

Drug Profile

Brand Namestimolol, Merck, Timoptol
CompanyTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB1, ADRB2
RouteOthers
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

timolol acts on 2 molecular targets:

ADRB1adrenoceptor beta 1 (B1AR, RHR)
ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ADRBR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

timolol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Eye disordersGlaucoma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedEye and vision (London, England)2026-08-21

One-year outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and goniosynechialysis in primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataracts: a multicenter prospective study.

Xiong Kun K, Li Wuliang W, Liu Qingyi Q, Zhang Shaodan S et al.

This study aimed to observe the safety and effectiveness of combined phacoemulsification and goniosynechialysis (PEI-GSL) in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and coexisting cataracts. This multicenter prospective study enrolled 289 consecutive patients with PACG and cataracts who were treated using PEI-GSL between November 1, 2022 and March 12, 2024. All patients underwent comprehensive ocular evaluations at baseline, at 1 week, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Complete success was defined as achieving an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 6-18 mmHg without antiglaucoma medications or reoperation. Qualified success was similarly defined but allowed antiglaucoma medications. Among patients with PACG, 237 (82.0%) of 289 completed a 12-month follow-up. The baseline IOP decreased from 22.9 ± 10.2 to 14.0 ± 3.1 mmHg at 12 months, and the number of antiglaucoma medications declined from 2.08 ± 1.23 to 0.14 ± 0.52. The complete and qualified success rates were 80.6% and 88.3%, respectively. Postoperative complications occurred in 49 (17.0%) patients; while 3 (1.0%) patients underwent yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser capsulotomy and 6 (2.1%) required glaucoma surgery. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the anterior chamber depth (P = 0.044) and axial length (P = 0.050) were positively associated with qualified success. The complete and qualified success rates among patients with advanced PACG were 78.2% and 87.9%, respectively. We demonstrated that PEI-GSL is an effective and safe treatment for patients with PACG and coexisting cataracts, even in advanced stages.

PMID 42625239
Read full article →
PubMedVeterinary ophthalmology2026-08-21

Clinical Characterization of Glaucoma in 63 Pet Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Japan.

Kato Kumiko K, Nakata Makoto M, Miwa Yasutsugu Y, Miyadera Keiko K

To characterize the signalment and clinical presentation of glaucoma in pet rabbits. Client-owned pet rabbits (n = 222) referred to an exotic specialty animal hospital for ophthalmic examination between 2007 and 2023. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for rabbits diagnosed with glaucoma, to evaluate clinical findings and treatments. In addition to routine ophthalmic examination, gonioscopy and Encephalitozoon cuniculi serologic testing were performed when indicated. Of 222 rabbits examined, 63 (28.4%) were diagnosed with glaucoma of which 33/63 (52.4%) were categorized as primary glaucoma and 27/63 (42.9%) as secondary glaucoma. Three other rabbits (4.8%) presented with unilateral secondary glaucoma with primary glaucoma risk in the fellow eye (mixed-risk glaucoma). The mean age at diagnosis was 4.4 ± 2.8 years for primary and 10.0 ± 5.3 years for secondary glaucomas. Gonioscopy was performed in 23/33 (69.7%) of rabbits in the primary glaucoma group revealing a closed iridocorneal angle in 16/23 (69.6%). Median follow-up was 707 days [IQR 126-1299] for primary and 59 days [IQR 1-1623] for secondary glaucomas. Medical management involved various topical antiglaucoma medications, with treatment regimens adjusted and often progressing to multi-drug therapy. Bilateral glaucoma was ultimately documented in 75.8% (25/33) of primary and 29.6% (8/27) of secondary glaucomas. The most common underlying ocular condition associated with secondary glaucoma was suspected to be E. cuniculi infection. Both primary and secondary glaucomas are prevalent among pet rabbits in the Japanese population. Further studies are needed into the possible genetic factors underlying the development of glaucoma in rabbits.

PMID 42625304
Read full article →
PubMedInternational ophthalmology2026-08-21

Effect of first-line topical medications for the treatment of glaucoma on the ocular surface in a Latin American population.

Teherán Forero Oscar Luis OL, Hoyos Córdoba Liliana María LM, Balmaceda Herrera Cristina Isabel CI, Ortega Buelvas Stella S et al.

First-line drug treatment is the cornerstone of glaucoma management. However, their adverse effects on the ocular surface have led to multiple retrospective studies in previously treated patients. This study evaluated these effects in patients who had never been exposed to these drugs. To evaluate the effect of first-line drugs for the management of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension on the cornea over one year of follow-up. An observational, longitudinal, and prospective study of patients from the Colombian Caribbean coast with no prior treatment or ocular alterations. The patients were evaluated with the OCT-Cirrus 6000, the Ocular Surface Analyzer (OSA), and the OSDI survey at one-year follow-up. The statistical analysis was performed using the Epi Info v.7.2 software. A total of 88 eyes of 44 patients with an average age of 62.9 years were analyzed. Total corneal thickness (TCT) decreased from 537.6 to 533.8 µm, with no statistical significance, and total epithelial thickness (TET) decreased from 45.6 to 43.9 µm, a statistically significant difference. The OSDI survey increased from 7.3 to 13.4. The OSA showed a reduction in BUT from 8.3 to 6.9 s, the lipid layer from 3.8 to 3.0 nm, the tear meniscus height from 0.37 to 0.29 mm, and meibomian gland loss increased 12.6% at 1-year follow-up; all of these parameters were statistically significant. The findings reveal that antiglaucoma medications induce alterations in the ocular surface and cornea, and suggest that the greater the involvement of the corneal epithelium, the greater the symptoms reported by the patient.

PMID 42627395
Read full article →
PubMedOphthalmology. Glaucoma2026-08-20

Dose-effectiveness Optimizing in Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation: A Cohort Study in Refractory Glaucoma.

Wu Yanyan Y, Zhu Xiaofeng X, Chen Zidong Z, Cai Ziyi Z et al.

To characterize the clinical outcomes, safety profile, and dose-response relationship of micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MPCPC) utilizing augmented dose protocols in Chinese patients with refractory glaucoma. Retrospective, single-center study. Patients treated with MPCPC at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from August 2022 to August 2024. Laser parameters of MPCPC were standardized at 2000 mW and a 31.3% duty cycle, with patients stratified into three groups based on treatment duration: 160 seconds, 200 seconds, and 240 seconds. Participants were followed up for 12 months to assess changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and number of antiglaucoma medications. Treatment success was defined as a final IOP between 5 and 21 mmHg or a ≥ 20% reduction from baseline, without the need for increased antiglaucoma medications or surgical re-intervention. A total of 229 eyes from 229 patients were analyzed: 160 s (n=66), 200 s (n=35), and 240 s (n=128). At 12 months postoperatively, the 240 s group achieved a 38.7% IOP reduction, which was significantly superior to the 25.5% reduction observed in the 160 s group (P=0.028). Linear regression identified a significant dose-effect, with each 40-second increment in laser duration associated with an additional 5.9% IOP reduction (β=0.059, P=0.035). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed the highest cumulative success probability in the 240 s group (68.7%), followed by the 200 s group (58.1%) and the 160 s group (53.6%) (P=0.040). Multivariate Cox regression confirmed that eyes with shorter treatment duration and eyes with longer axial length had a higher risk of treatment failure (P<0.05). Notably, a decline in visual acuity occurred only in the 160 s group (P=0.036). The number of antiglaucoma medications was significantly reduced in all three groups compared with baseline (P<0.01). Complication rates did not differ significantly among the three groups (P=0.155). MPCPC constitutes a safe and potent modality for IOP reduction, exhibiting a dose-dependent effectiveness. The augmented-dose protocols of 200-240 s seem to optimize long-term IOP control. Patients with longer axial length have a potential risk of treatment failure, which is likely attributable to posterior displacement of the ciliary body.

PMID 42624431
Read full article →
PubMedAmerican journal of ophthalmology case reports2026-08-20

Steroid response after complete trabecular meshwork removal.

Lacau Sebastian S, Perez Alejandro M AM, Bitrian Elena E

Steroid-induced hypertensive response is a common, yet underdiagnosed complication of steroid therapy. Certain patients, referred to as high responders, can experience a rapid and severe rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) potentially reaching sight-threatening levels. This report presents two high-responder patients with multiple risk factors. Medical records of two patients who underwent 360° angle surgery and experienced postoperative IOP spikes were reviewed, and clinical data was extracted. Two male patients aged 8 and 22 years old with juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG) with elevated IOP despite maximum medical therapy underwent gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy with canaloplasty in both eyes and were started postoperatively on prednisolone. Patient 1 had an IOP of 61 mmHg on postoperative day (POD) 6, prednisolone was discontinued, and treatment was switched to ketorolac, antiglaucoma drops and oral agents. Patient 2 had an IOP of 48 mmHg on POD 9 and IOP was controlled upon discontinuing prednisolone and glaucoma drops. His second eye was treated with fluorometholone after surgery but presented with an IOP of 39 mmHg on POD 8 and also switched to ketorolac. Both patients had controlled IOPs after steroid cessation. Steroid response can occur even in procedures targeting the trabecular meshwork. Identifying risk factors, including a glaucoma diagnosis, family history, young age, and use of potent steroids enables closer monitoring. Early detection and cessation of steroid therapy are crucial to preventing sustained IOP elevation, underscoring the importance of vigilance in high-risk patients.

PMID 42620694
Read full article →
PubMedGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2026-08-14

Long-term safety and efficacy of suprachoroidal ESNOPER CLIP® implantation in non-penetrating deep sclerectomy.

Rodriguez-Una Ignacio I, Romera-Romero Pau P, Rodríguez-Carrillo Lola L, Martínez-Alberquilla Irene I et al.

To evaluate the long-term hypotensive efficacy and safety of the ESNOPER CLIP® implant in non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Patients who underwent NPDS and suprachoroidal ESNOPER CLIP® implantation were followed up for 5 years. Preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field mean deviation (MD), number of topical hypotensive medications, and intra- and postoperative complications were registered. Surgical success was defined for different IOP thresholds (≤ 21, ≤ 18 and ≤ 15mmHg) with (qualified success) or without postoperative antiglaucoma medications (complete success). 132 eyes (mean age 68.8 ± 8.9 years) were included. BCVA remained similar after surgery (0.73 ± 0.27 decimal preoperatively and 0.74 ± 0.29 after 5 years, p = 0.723). IOP experienced a significant improvement compared to preoperative values (20.7 ± 8.0 vs. 13.0 ± 4.2 mmHg), with a mean number of topical hypotensive medications significantly dropping from 2.63 ± 0.82 to 0.64 ± 0.95 after 5 years. Visual field MD did not significantly change. Four microperforations were registered as intraoperative complications (3%) and 49% needed goniopuncture during follow-up. Needling rate was 26%. After 5 years, complete and qualified success rates were 58% and 88% for IOP≤21mmHg threshold, 59% and 85% for IOP≤18mmHg threshold, and 49% and 60% for IOP≤15mmHg threshold, respectively. NPDS with the ESNOPER CLIP® implant was associated with sustained reductions in IOP and in the use of topical medications over five years, while maintaining a favourable safety profile. ESNOPER CLIP® implant combined with phacoemulsification appears to be a safe and effective approach for glaucoma patients with a coexisting cataract. WHAT IS KNOWN : Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy is considered a safe and effective filtering procedure with potentially lower complication rates compared to traditional trabeculectomy. The uveoscleral Esnoper Clip implant used in non-penetrating deep sclerectomy has shown effective and safe results, although available evidence is limited to follow-ups of up to 2 years. This is the first study reporting 5-year outcomes of the Esnoper Clip implant, including assessment of its performance when combined with cataract surgery. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy enhanced with the suprachoroidal Esnoper Clip implant is safe and effective in maintaining a reduction of both, intraocular pressure and the number of topical hypotensive medications, in the long term. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy and Esnoper Clip implantation combined with phacoemulsification is a suitable approach for managing glaucoma patients with concurrent cataract.

PMID 42599315
Read full article →

+7467 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about timolol