Drug Database
TR

trospium chloride (Retardkapseln / Urivesc / Sanctura XR)

✓ Approved

Shire · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is trospium chloride?

trospium chloride is a small molecule developed by Shire. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesRetardkapseln, Urivesc, Sanctura XR
CompanyShire
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

Therapeutic Indications

trospium chloride is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Renal and urinary disordersHypertonic bladder✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMaterials and structures2026-10-22

Durability of MgO-based binders: a critical review from RILEM TC 311-MBC.

Mundra Shishir S, Hallet Vincent V, Bernard Ellina E, Ilango Nirupama Kamala NK et al.

The urgent need to decarbonise the cement industry has motivated global research on MgO-based cements, including magnesium oxychloride (MOC), oxysulfate (MOS), carbonate (MC), and silicate (MS) cements. While this new class of cements may offer material advantages over Portland cement, questions surrounding their long-term durability continue to limit their broader implementation. This critical review, prepared for RILEM TC 311-MBC, evaluates the durability literature on these four types of MgO-based binders. Findings show that while MOC and MOS cements exhibit attractive early-age strength, they suffer rapid strength loss under sustained exposure to moisture because their main hydrates are highly soluble. Field test data is critically needed. MC binders, dominated by hydrous carbonate-bearing brucite, exhibit good resistance to chloride and sulfate environments; however, their strength decreases with increasing humidity, and accelerated carbonation can trigger expansion or micro-cracking, depending on the availability of pore spaces. Contrastingly, MS cements develop dense M-S-H matrices with permeability and frost performance on par with, or better than, PC-based concretes. This promising class of cements resists natural carbonation but remains sensitive to micro-crack formation when nesquehonite precipitates in high CO2 environments. Across all MgO-based binders, reinforcement corrosion is driven by moisture transport rather than by differences in passivation due to the near-neutral pH of their pore solutions. The research community is encouraged to close these gaps so to advance the formulation of durable and environmentally sustainable MgO-based cements.

PMID 42903152
Read full article →
PubMedEye and vision (London, England)2026-10-21

Blocking IL-6 trans-signaling mitigates benzalkonium chloride-induced inflammation, oxidative imbalance, ER stress, and barrier disruption in human corneal epithelial cells.

Lax Karina K, Glass Joshua J, Aliste Antonella A, Sharma Ashok A et al.

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a commonly used preservative in ophthalmic formulations, elicits a pro-inflammatory cytokine response and cytotoxic effects in corneal epithelial cells, contributing to ocular surface injuries associated with dry eye disease (DED). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling is a well-established pro-inflammatory pathway that contributes to endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction. Thus, this study investigated whether targeted inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling with sgp130Fc could attenuate BAC-induced cytotoxic injury in corneal epithelial cells. Human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cells were exposed to 0.001% BAC for 30 min in the presence or absence of 10 μg/mL sgp130Fc. Markers of inflammation, oxidative imbalance, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and epithelial barrier disruption were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analyses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity, and intracellular calcium flux were quantified using colorimetric, fluorescence-based, and luminescence-based assays. Epithelial barrier function was assessed using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's or Holm-Šídák multiple-comparison tests, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. BAC exposure activated IL-6 trans-signaling as indicated by an increased sIL-6R/sgp130 ratio, reduced mIL-6R levels, and unchanged gp130 levels. BAC also increased secreted IL6 levels, IL6RA expression, and downstream inflammatory mediators MCP1 and ICAM1, all of which were attenuated by sgp130Fc. BAC-induced oxidative imbalance was characterized by increased ROS and hydrogen peroxide production, reduced antioxidant enzymes, and diminished total antioxidant capacity, whereas sgp130Fc mitigated these effects. In addition, BAC increased intracellular calcium levels and ER stress markers, including HSP72, BiP, PERK, and Ero1α, and impaired epithelial barrier function as observed by reduced trans-epithelial electrical resistance and decreased β-catenin, occludin, and claudin-1 levels. sgp130Fc mitigated increases in intracellular calcium, partially alleviated ER stress responses, and preserved epithelial barrier integrity and junctional protein levels. These findings indicate that IL-6 trans-signaling contributes to BAC-induced corneal epithelial injury, suggesting that targeting this pathway may have therapeutic potential for DED and related ocular surface inflammatory disorders.

PMID 42902348
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of cardiothoracic surgery2026-10-21

Aerobic exercise modulates macrophage polarization and promotes cardiac recovery after myocardial infarction in rats.

Zhu Mingyan M, Zhou Bing B, Peng Jianye J, Chen Kong K et al.

To evaluate the protective effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on cardiac function and myocardial injury in rats with myocardial infarction (MI), as well as its impact on macrophage polarization. A rat model of chronic post-infarction remodeling was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, while the Sham group underwent threading without ligation. After a 4-week recovery period, rats in the exercise group underwent an 8-week aerobic training program, with all assessments performed at approximately 12 weeks after MI induction. The maximal aerobic velocity test was performed to assess changes in exercise endurance. To evaluate cardiac architecture, inflammatory infiltrates, and the extent of fibrosis, we performed standard histological staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was applied to distinguish infarcted and viable myocardial regions. Commercial assay kits were used to detect myocardial injury markers, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress indicators in myocardial tissue or serum. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed to assess macrophage polarization. AE markedly improved cardiac function in MI rats. It also attenuated MI size and fibrosis. Serum levels of cardiac damage-associated biomarkers (cTnI, CK-MB, and LDH) were significantly decreased following AE, suggesting attenuation of ongoing myocardial injury and adverse remodeling in the chronic post-infarction setting, as were pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity were also enhanced by AE. M1 macrophage markers were reduced, along with upregulation of M2 macrophage markers in the myocardial tissue after AE. Moderate-intensity AE alleviates myocardial injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and promotes macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype in rats with MI. These findings may provide evidence for exercise-based rehabilitation and immune-targeted therapeutic strategies.

PMID 42902400
Read full article →
PubMedThe journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces2026-10-20

Vitrification of Molten Chloride Salts.

Kim Ellie M EM, Halstenberg Phillip W PW, Wang Xin X, Maltsev Dmitry D et al.

Vitrification of molten chloride salts offers a novel approach for preserving their liquid-phase structure as amorphous solids, enabling analysis of liquid structure at room temperature. However, vitrifying molten salts composed of simple salts (e.g., NaCl, KCl) has remained a significant technical challenge due to their strong tendency to crystallize. In this study, a nebulizer was used to successfully vitrify a KCl-MgCl2 mixture for the first time. Powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) analysis confirmed a substantial reduction in crystallinity, indicating enhanced amorphization of the quenched salts. Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) revealed retention of the amorphous state. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the persistence of tetrahedral [MgCl4]2- motifs in the room-temperature solids, demonstrating preservation of molten-state structural features in the vitrified phase. This work represents a critical advancement in molten salt vitrification, providing a new pathway for structural studies and informing future applications in molten salt reactors and high-temperature chemical processes.

PMID 42899134
Read full article →
PubMedKidney international reports2026-10-20

Randomized Clinical Trial of Ringer's Lactate Versus Chloride-Reduced Saline-Dextrose in Postoperative Kidney Transplantation.

Sawasdichai Kornrawee K, Rakpithayanon Chanyanuch C, Konwai Sirihatai S, Wuttiputhanun Thunyatorn T et al.

Normal saline administration induces hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, potentially impairing kidney allograft recovery. The comparative efficacy of balanced crystalloids against actively chloride-reduced saline protocols remains unclear. This randomized, open-label trial compared Ringer's Lactate Solution (RLS) with a dynamic dual-infusion protocol of normal saline and 5% dextrose (NSS + D5W) in adult kidney transplant recipients. Using a prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis, 134 patients who received ≥2 L of study fluid were evaluated. Fluids were strictly titrated to hourly urine output. The primary outcome was day-4 serum bicarbonate. Secondary outcomes evaluated the overall treatment strategy, including protocolized rescue bicarbonate requirements, 1-month estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as an indicator of early functional recovery, and exploratory mechanistic biomarkers (urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL] and serum cytokines). On postoperative day 4, the RLS group maintained significantly higher serum bicarbonate (19.39 vs. 17.31 mEq/L; P < 0.001) and required substantially less rescue bicarbonate therapy (17.9% vs. 58.2%; P < 0.001) compared with the NSS + D5W group. Serum chlorides were comparable between groups on day 4. RLS was associated with more favorable early allograft function, evidenced by a higher 1-month eGFR (61.63 vs. 53.18 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P = 0.028). Among the deceased-donor recipients, a lower proportion of RLS group had high urine NGAL (>100 ng/ml) and elevated interferon-γ; however, the continuous NGAL comparison was not significant and other cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-10) did not differ. These exploratory biomarker findings are hypothesis-generating. RLS effectively reduces early postoperative metabolic acidosis and was associated with better short-term allograft functional recovery compared with a chloride-reduced saline regimen. These benefits are most applicable to allografts exhibiting immediate or early function that permits standard volume expansion.

PMID 42898223
Read full article →
PubMedActa crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry2026-10-20

Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis, crystal structures, and electronic structure characterization of novel hybrid organic-inorganic chloride compounds [BMIm]m[MCln] (M = Cd, Se, Sn, Bi; n = 4, 6; m = 2, 3).

Patterson Riley B RB, Samarakoon S M Gayomi K SMGK, Watts Spencer R SR, Baranets Sviatoslav S

A series of hybrid organic-inorganic chloride salts containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, [BMIm]+, cations was synthesized using [BMIm]Cl as an ionic liquid (IL) reaction medium and the corresponding MCln salts (M = Cd, Se, Sn, Bi; n = 2, 3, 4). The resulting compounds, bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) tetrachloridocadmate(II), (C8H15N2)2[CdCl4] or [BMIm]2[CdCl4], (I), bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) hexachloridoselenate(IV), (C8H15N2)2[SeCl6] or [BMIm]2[SeCl6], (II), bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) hexachloridostannate(IV), (C8H15N2)2[SnCl6] or [BMIm]2[SnCl6], (III), and tris(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) hexachloridobismuthate(III), (C8H15N2)3[BiCl6] or [BMIm]3[BiCl6], (IV), were characterized with the aid of the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method at 100 K. Compound (I) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc, compounds (II) and (III) are isostructural and crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P212121, and compound (IV) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c. All four structures contain discrete [CdCl4]2-, [MCl6]2- (M = Se or Sn), or [BiCl6]3- anions charge-balanced by [BMIm]+ cations. Ionic interactions and C-H...Cl hydrogen bonds, as well as cation-cation C-H...π and ring-ring contacts, are discussed. The novel compounds are discussed in the context of a literature survey, thereby providing suggestions for future discoveries. Electronic structure calculations yield band gaps of 4.44, 2.91, 2.92, and 3.84 eV for (I)-(IV), respectively.

PMID 42900188
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about trospium chloride