Drug Database
LH

LH + FSH (Menopur / LH + FSH, Ferring / Meropur)

✓ Approved

Ferring · FSHR

What is LH + FSH?

LH + FSH is a therapeutic agent developed by Ferring. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMenopur, LH + FSH, Ferring, Meropur
CompanyFerring
Molecular TargetFSHR, LHCGR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Ferring

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

LH + FSH acts on 2 molecular targets:

FSHRfollicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHRO, ODG1)
LHCGRluteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (ULG5, LH/CGR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

LH + FSH is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Reproductive system and breast disordersInfertility female✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedBMC women's health2026-11-12

Metabolic and hormonal profiles in women with hirsutism: a comparison between polycystic ovary syndrome and idiopathic hirsutism.

Mercantepe Filiz F, Sahin Serap Baydur SB, Stevuljevic Jelena Kotur JK, Karakas Sibel Mataraci SM et al.

Hirsutism is a common endocrine complaint most frequently associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but it may also occur in idiopathic hirsutism (IH). Because the two conditions differ in long-term metabolic risk and management, distinguishing them is clinically important, yet reliable, routinely available discriminators remain incompletely defined. Rather than re-describing established differences, this study aimed to determine whether routine hormonal and biochemical parameters can help discriminate PCOS from IH in women presenting with hirsutism, independent of the confounding effect of severe obesity. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 275 women with hirsutism (69 with IH and 206 with PCOS) were evaluated. To minimize the confounding effect of severe obesity, women with a body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m² were excluded. Clinical, biochemical, and hormonal parameters were compared between groups, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify parameters independently associated with PCOS. Compared with women with IH, women with PCOS had significantly higher triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the ALT/AST ratio, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), the LH to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, and total testosterone. In contrast, BMI, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid parameters other than triglycerides did not differ significantly between groups. In multivariable logistic regression, only the LH/FSH ratio (odds ratio [OR] 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.589-5.135) and the ALT/AST ratio (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.057-6.892) remained independently associated with PCOS, whereas total testosterone did not. A model combining these routinely available markers discriminated PCOS from IH with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.728 (95% CI 0.661-0.794), exceeding that of any single marker, with good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.361). After minimizing the confounding effect of severe obesity, women with PCOS and IH showed comparable classic metabolic indices (fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and lipids), but differed in hormonal profile and in two routinely available laboratory ratios - LH/FSH and ALT/AST - that were independently associated with PCOS. These inexpensive, widely available ratios may serve as a practical adjunct for distinguishing PCOS-related hirsutism from idiopathic hirsutism, pending prospective validation.

PMID 43015724
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PubMedBMC endocrine disorders2026-11-12

Association between vitamin D levels, hormonal profile, and ovarian reserve in infertile women.

Azizi Kutenaee Maryam M, Roozbeh Nasibeh N, Taghvaei Elaheh E, Salehi Ensieh E et al.

The potential influence of vitamin D on female reproductive function has recently gained considerable attention, yet its connection with hormonal dynamics and ovarian reserve remains uncertain. This study explored how circulating vitamin D concentrations relate to reproductive hormones and ovarian reserve indices among infertile women. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on medical records of 880 infertile women aged 18-45 years. Participants were grouped by serum vitamin D status as sufficient (≥ 30 ng/mL), insufficient (21-29 ng/mL), or deficient (≤ 20 ng/mL). Hormonal factors (FSH, LH, AMH, E2, TSH) and antral follicle count (AFC) were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and multinomial logistic regression. Nearly half of the women (47.4%) were vitamin D deficient. Those with deficiency exhibited significantly greater BMI values and lower LH concentrations compared with women having sufficient vitamin D (p < 0.05). Regression modeling indicated that BMI positively predicted both insufficiency (OR = 1.045, p = 0.029) and deficiency (OR = 1.058, p = 0.001), whereas LH showed an inverse association with deficiency (OR = 0.964, p = 0.040). In adjusted analysis, higher AMH was associated with vitamin D insufficiency, whereas no significant association was observed for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was common among infertile women and was associated with higher BMI and lower LH levels. These findings support a possible link between vitamin D status and selected metabolic and hormonal parameters; however, longitudinal studies are needed before clinical implications can be established.

PMID 43015685
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PubMedCureus2026-11-12

Assessment of Physiological, Biochemical, Hormonal, and Sexual Health Parameters in Patients Using Protein Supplements and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Mutha Amit S AS, Beldar Amit S AS, Jalikar Kamagonda K, Bavlecha Ajinkya M AM et al.

Background Protein supplements (PS) and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used to enhance physique and performance and have been associated with alterations in physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and sexual health parameters. This study evaluated the impact of PS and AAS on hematological, biochemical, hormonal, and sexual health indices. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among male patients of reproductive age presenting with sexual complaints to an andrology clinic. Of 1567 screened individuals, 112 users of PS or AAS were enrolled and grouped as PS only (n = 62), AAS only (n = 18), and PS+AAS (n = 32). A comparison group of 50 volunteers without sexual complaints or PS or AAS use was included. Participants were evaluated for hematological, liver, and renal functions and hormonal profiles using available investigation records. Sexual complaints were documented. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, wherever applicable (p<0.05). Results Abnormal findings were least frequent in PS users and most pronounced in PS+AAS users. Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) occurred in 44.4% of AAS users and 46.8% of PS+AAS users. Reduced luteinizing hormone (LH) was seen in 61.1% and 68.7% of AAS and PS+AAS users, reduced follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in 50.0% and 53.1%, and elevated estradiol in 38.8% and 40.6%, respectively. Testosterone showed a biphasic pattern. Gynecomastia, altered libido, testicular atrophy, reduced ejaculate volume, and other sexual-health complaints were more frequent in AAS-containing groups. Conclusion AAS use, particularly with concurrent PS use, was associated with biochemical, hormonal, and sexual health abnormalities, while PS-only users showed fewer abnormalities. These findings underscore the need for awareness, regulatory oversight, and screening among supplement users.

PMID 43017304
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PubMedZhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology2026-11-12

[Serum sex hormones and semen quality characteristics in populations exposed to microwave radiation: A cross-sectional study].

Lu Yin Y, Chang Xiao X, Si Shaoyan S, Gao Fan F et al.

Objective To evaluate the association between occupational exposure to microwave radiation and the characteristics of male serum sex hormones and semen quality. Methods A cross-sectional study of male reproductive function was conducted from June 2024 to April 2025 at workplaces involving potential microwave radiation exposure, including space tracking, telemetry, and command stations and high-power microwave testing facilities. Participants were classified into control and exposed groups according to whether their job involved microwave radiation exposure. All participants underwent measurements of five serum sex hormones and routine semen analysis. Results Among 137 participants, 109 were from inland regions (55 controls and 54 exposed) and 28 were from coastal regions (all exposed). In the primary analysis of the inland population, PRL was higher in the exposed group than in controls (6.44 ［5.16，10.31］ vs 5.53 ［3.88，6.89］ ng/mL; unadjusted P=0.004; Holm-adjusted P=0.019), with consistent results in the log-transformed model (geometric mean ratio=1.334，95%CI 1.106－1.610; P=0.003). No significant between-group differences were found in E2, FSH, LH, T, or any semen parameter. Exposure duration was not correlated with testosterone among inland exposed participants (Spearman's ρ=0.097, P=0.483). Full-sample sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results. Exploratory regional analyses showed higher progressive motility, total motility, and sperm concentration in coastal than in inland participants.Conclusion Occupational microwave radiation exposure is associated with higher PRL levels, although the clinical significance still needs to be interpreted with caution. The current data do not show a clear association between exposure and other sex hormones or abnormal semen quality. Exploratory comparisons among regions suggest that the semen quality in coastal areas is higher than that in inland areas.

PMID 43017762
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PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-11-12

Nonlinear associations of bone age and basal luteinizing hormone with uterine volume in girls with central precocious puberty: a segmented regression analysis.

Yuan Xin X, Cai Chunyan C, Zhang Ying Y, Wu Wenyong W et al.

The relationships between basal luteinizing hormone (LH), bone age (BA), and uterine volume in girls with precocious puberty are conventionally treated as linear in clinical practice. Whether these associations exhibit nonlinear, threshold-dependent patterns has not been formally investigated. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 1, 617 girls with breast development before 8 years of age, of whom 1, 008 had central precocious puberty (CPP) and 609 had premature thelarche (PT). Restricted cubic spline regression was used to test for nonlinearity in the associations of BA and ln-transformed basal LH with ln-transformed uterine volume. Where nonlinearity was confirmed, piecewise linear regression identified breakpoints at which uterine growth accelerated. CPP girls were then cross-classified by the identified thresholds to evaluate their complementary value. CPP girls had significantly greater BA advancement than PT girls (1.87 ± 1.11 vs. 1.58 ± 1.02 years, P < 0.001). In CPP girls, both BA and basal LH exhibited significant nonlinear associations with uterine volume (both P < 0.0001). A BA breakpoint was identified at 10.6 years: below this threshold, each additional year was associated with a 0.067-unit increase in ln(uterine volume); above 10.6 years, the slope increased to 0.550 (8.2-fold acceleration, P < 0.001). A basal LH breakpoint was identified at 0.67 IU/L, below which the slope was 0.107 per ln-unit and above which it rose to 0.421 (3.9-fold acceleration, P < 0.001). In PT girls, no clinically meaningful breakpoints were found. When CPP girls were stratified by both thresholds, the "Both High" subgroup (16.5%) had a median uterine volume of 2.76 mL (47.6% exceeding 3.0 mL), compared with 1.22 mL (1.4%) in the "Both Low" subgroup (58.6%). The associations of BA and basal LH with uterine volume in CPP are distinctly nonlinear, with identifiable thresholds beyond which uterine growth accelerates substantially. These breakpoints are proposed as quantitative descriptors of uterine maturation tempo rather than as diagnostic cutoffs; they have high specificity but limited sensitivity, and girls with values below the thresholds require clinical follow-up. These two indicators provide complementary information for characterizing the tempo of uterine maturation.

PMID 43016526
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PubMedFrontiers in plant science2026-11-12

The FaesMYB15-FaesELF3 module regulates flowering time, floral organ number, and floral color in red flower long-homostyle common buckwheat.

Zheng Yalun Y, Liu Haonan H, Liu Yuzhen Y, Liu Zhixiong Z et al.

EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) is a core member of the Evening Complex (EC) and plays a critical role in regulating flowering through the plant circadian clock. R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) control the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin structural genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation in various plants and also play important roles involved in floral development. However, how ELF3 homologs work together with R2R3-MYB TFs to regulate flowering, floral organ development, and flower color remains unclear. In this study, R2R3-MYB TF FaesMYB15 directly binds to the FaesELF3 promoter and suppresses expression of FaesELF3 in common buckwheat. In addition, overexpression of FaesELF3 in red flower LH Fagopyrum esculentum leads to significantly earlier flowering and rapid plant growth, and results in flowers with increased tepal and stamen numbers and a lighter tepal color in transgenic plant. Moreover, total anthocyanin content in the inflorescence of the 35S::FaesELF3 line was significantly lower than that of the normal red flower LH common buckwheat. FaesELF3 overexpression markedly downregulated the expressions of two core circadian clock genes, FaesPRR5-1 and FaesPRR5-2, and two AGAMOUS-like MADS-box genes, FaesAGL18 and FaesAGL19, involved in flowering regulation in transgenic plants. Our study introduces a new regulator module of FaesMYB15-FaesELF3 involved in regulating flowering time, floral color, and floral organ number in crops, providing insights for novel breeding strategies of flowering regulation and flower color modification in common buckwheat.

PMID 43017119
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