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nevirapine (nevirapine ER / nevirapine XR / nevirapine, XR)

✓ Approved

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH · · Small Molecule

What is nevirapine?

nevirapine is a small molecule developed by Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesnevirapine ER, nevirapine XR, nevirapine, XR
CompanyBoehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

nevirapine acts on 1 molecular target:

gag-pol, HIV-1 (gag-pol)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

nevirapine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-07-25

Development of propranolol hydrochloride extended-release lipid matrix tablets for pediatric use.

Broocks Stefanie S, Gebhardt Melanie M, Klein Sandra S

Although solid oral dosage forms are widely used in adult drug therapy, age-appropriate formulations for pediatric patients remain limited. The development of suitable dosage forms is challenged by specific requirements regarding excipient safety, tablet size, and dose flexibility, as well as the need to improve therapy adherence in the context of frequent dosing. This study aimed to develop a pediatric-appropriate extended-release matrix tablet based on lipid matrix formers, with particular attention to the use of safe excipients and the selection of excipients based on sustainability considerations. Lipid-based excipients, selected due to their natural origin and similarity to dietary fats, were investigated and compared with conventional matrix formers. A formulation screening approach was applied to identify promising candidates based on drug release after one hour, followed by further evaluation of manufacturability, tablet hardness, and extended-release performance. In addition, the influence of a physiological pH-gradient, bile salts, and long-term storage on drug release was assessed. The selected formulations showed good manufacturability, uniformity, and sustained drug release. Overall, several lipid-based matrix formulations suitable for pediatric use were identified, providing a promising basis for the development of solid oral extended-release dosage forms for children.

PMID 42497932
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PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-07-25

Controlled release network hydrogel based on zein/sodium alginate-stabilized chrysanthemum essential oil Pickering emulsions for prolonged preservation of fresh-cut Gastrodia elata.

Zhang Lihui L, Liu Jieni J, Law Chung Lim CL, Sun Qing Q et al.

Browning and microbial proliferation are major factors driving quality deterioration in fresh-cut Gastrodia elata. This study developed a zein/sodium alginate-stabilized chrysanthemum essential oil (CEO) Pickering emulsion and incorporated it into gelatin-konjac glucomannan hydrogels for fresh-cut G. elata preservation. The emulsion exhibited nanoscale droplets (194.53-515.00 nm) with exceptional stability (zeta potential: -82.85 to -95.92 mV), confirming effective encapsulation of CEO. The optimized hydrogel (GK-8%) formed a dense network with uniform pore structure, demonstrating superior water retention and sustained release properties, achieving 73.30% CEO release over 390 h. Application tests revealed that GK-8% significantly reduced weight loss (≤ 0.15%) and browning index (26.72% reduction), maintained firmness and total phenolic content, while decreasing antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Visual observations showed that GK-8% treatment delayed visible browning by approximately 3 days compared to the control. The hydrogel extended shelf life through synergistic effects of microbial inhibition and oxidative stress alleviation, providing an effective, eco-friendly strategy for fresh-cut product preservation.

PMID 42498190
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PubMedJournal of environmental sciences (China)2026-07-25

Microbial activity and hydroxyl radical oxidation combine to induce CO2 release from winter biocrusted soils.

Guo Xing X, Yang Jungang J, Gong Lu L, Zhang Yuanming Y et al.

Soil CO2 release under winter snow in arid regions significantly impacts the carbon balance. Enzymatic decomposition is believed to be the primary driver of CO2 release, however, continuous snow cover promotes the formation of the hydroxyl radical (•OH). Under snow-covered conditions, whether •OH oxidation constitutes an alternative organic matter decomposition pathway to microbial activity, and how these processes interact, remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the differences in the CO2 release rates at various depths in biological soil crusts under snow cover and examined the impacts of microbial activity and •OH oxidation on CO2 release. The findings indicate that snow cover has an insulating effect on soil temperature, and that temperature fluctuations decrease with increasing depth. However, this insulating effect did not significantly alter the relative contribution of different soil layers to CO2 release. The crust layer and the 0-5 cm soil layer are the primary zones of CO2 release, while the 5-10 cm layer contributes less. In addition, prolonged infiltration of snowmelt promotes •OH generation, which may play a significant role in regulating CO2 release during winter. Microbial activity primarily influences CO2 production in the surface layer, whereas CO2 emissions from deeper soil are mainly driven by •OH oxidation. This study highlights that under winter conditions when microbial activity is suppressed, both biotic and abiotic processes contribute to CO2 release across different soil depths. Given that snow cover is widespread in terrestrial ecosystems, •OH-mediated CO2 release from deeper soil may represent a previously overlooked carbon emission pathway.

PMID 42498364
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PubMedMicrosystems & nanoengineering2026-07-25

Label-free microcargo delivery and controllable release in complex fluidic environments based on autonomous magnetic microswarm.

Wu Zhixin Z, Zheng Liushuai L, Fan Lei L, Wei Tanyong T et al.

Magnetic microswarms exhibit great potential for targeted delivery because of their excellent controllability and environmental adaptability. Enabling label-free cargo delivery and controllable release while endowing microswarms with resistance to environmental disturbances is key to expanding their application scope. In this study, we present a label-free microcargo delivery strategy based on a magnetic microswarm actuated by a magnetic tweezers system. In this approach, high-frequency magnetic fields enable autonomous cargo capture, while low-frequency fields trigger controlled release, forming a simple yet effective frequency-switching mechanism. Owing to the high-intensity magnetic field produced by the magnetic tweezers system, the microswarm exhibits significantly improved anti-interference capability, ensuring stable transport even under dynamic flow conditions. Leveraging visual feedback, the microswarm autonomously captures and stably transports various microscale cargos, including polystyrene microspheres and cell spheroids up to 400 µm in diameter. In complex structures and flowing fluid environments, microswarms that carry cargo successfully resist fluid impacts and achieve autonomous navigation. Furthermore, the controllable release of nonmagnetic cargos is realized through a frequency-switching mechanism. When a microswarm carries multiple cargos, small cargos are usually discharged first, indicating the potential of this release mechanism to sequentially release multiple cargos. This strategy circumvents the risks associated with permanent magnetic labeling and enhances the microswarm's anti-interference capability, providing essential technical support for the practical translation and clinical application of magnetic microrobots.

PMID 42498715
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PubMedFrontiers in synaptic neuroscience2026-07-25

The how and why for multiple forms of hippocampal LTP.

Gall Christine M CM, Le Aliza A AA, Lynch Gary G

Activity-induced Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)-characterized as it is by rapid induction, synapse specificity, and remarkable persistence-has long been considered a primary substrate for memory encoding. There has however been considerable debate about the cellular mechanisms responsible for producing the potentiated state. It seems that much of the confusion can be traced to an implicit assumption that there is a single form of stable potentiation. However, features of LTP in Schaffer-commissural (SC) input to CA1 and perforant path projections from entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus (DG), show that different nodes of the hippocampal circuit express different types of LTP and that distinctions can be found even within the same population of synapses. For the SC system, brief theta burst stimulation (TBS) elicits LTP that is expressed by an expansion of the spine, postsynaptic density and associated AMPA receptor pool, and stabilized by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Both sexes employ these mechanisms but females rely on locally synthesized estrogen and synaptic estrogen receptors to set processes in motion whereas males more heavily rely on metabotropic NMDA receptor signaling. Extended theta burst trains, high frequency stimulation (HFS), and spike timing paradigms engage mechanisms of LTP induction that differ from those produced by the minimal TBS. And an even more radical form of potentiation is expressed at lateral perforant path (LPP) connections with the DG. In this case, LTP is triggered postsynaptically but expressed presynaptically by increased transmitter release with an endocannabinoid providing the requisite retrograde messenger. These sex- and region-specific differences in plasticity have meaningful consequences for episodic memory encoding and vulnerability to neurological insults.

PMID 42500746
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PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-07-25

pH/ROS dual-responsive injectable hydrogel based on an oxidized hyaluronic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan-phenylboronic acid dynamic network for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Cao Jiaqi J, Wang Runze R, Zhang Rui R, Guo Youchuan Y et al.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, aberrant immune activation, and progressive joint destruction. Its pathological progression is closely associated with synovial microenvironment acidification, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and sustained release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Developing localized therapeutic systems with microenvironment responsiveness and prolonged intra-articular retention is critical for improving RA treatment outcomes. In this study, we developed a pH/ROS-dual-responsive injectable hydrogel drug delivery system with sustained release capability. It was formed by crosslinking carboxymethyl chitosan-grafted phenylboronic acid (CMCS-PBA) and oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) through dynamic Schiff base and boronic ester bonds, and was co-loaded with dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) and rosemarinic acid encapsulated in sialic acid-modified liposomes (RosA-SAL). The prepared hydrogel exhibited favorable injectability, self-healing capability, and biocompatibility, while enabling sustained drug release in response to the acidic and ROS-rich microenvironment. The in vitro release study showed that the cumulative release rates of DSP and RosA reached 95% and 67%, respectively, after 14 days under simulated RA microenvironment conditions. Additionally, in vitro studies demonstrated that RosA-SAL/DSP@Gel effectively reduced inflammatory cytokine expression and suppressed inflammation-related responses. Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed that the hydrogel system significantly alleviated joint inflammation in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats, attenuated cartilage damage and bone erosion, and provided substantial protection to joint structures. Overall, this study presents an intelligent microenvironment-responsive drug delivery strategy for localized intra-articular therapy of RA.

PMID 42498194
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