Drug Database
TE

testosterone (Testavan)

✓ Approved

Simple Pharma · AR · Small Molecule

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a small molecule developed by Simple Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTestavan
CompanySimple Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteTransdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Simple Pharma

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedBioconjugate chemistry2026-10-22

Co-delivery of siPD-L1 and Tat-HSPB1 by G5PBA Enhances the Efficacy of Antitumor Therapy in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Xiong Kui K, Xia Lili L, Zhang Lin L, Li Weiyuan W et al.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma and remains challenging to treat at advanced stages due to immune evasion and inefficient intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents. In this study, we synthesized a modified generation 5 (G5) poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (G5PBA) to co-deliver small-interfering RNA targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (siPD-L1) and the antitumor peptide Tat-HSPB1, forming the G5PBA/siPD-L1/Tat-HSPB1 nanocomplex. The agarose gel retardation assay demonstrated that G5PBA efficiently condensed siPD-L1. Furthermore, the peptide encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were measured, confirming the loading of Tat-HSPB1 into G5PBA/siPD-L1. Flow cytometry showed that G5PBA enhanced the cellular uptake of siPD-L1, while confocal microscopy demonstrated that G5PBA promoted lysosomal escape in Caki-1 cells. Western blot analysis further confirmed that G5PBA effectively reduced the PD-L1 protein expression. In cellular experiments, CCK-8, EdU, and wound-healing assays demonstrated that G5PBA/siPD-L1/Tat-HSPB1 inhibited the viability and migration of ccRCC cells. G5PBA/siPD-L1/Tat-HSPB1 suppressed tumor growth, downregulated PD-L1 expression, enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration, and elevated serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in mice. Major organs exhibited no obvious histopathological abnormalities upon H&E staining. Serum ALT, AST, and BUN levels showed no significant changes compared with the PBS group, suggesting the preliminary safety profile of G5PBA/siPD-L1/Tat-HSPB1. Collectively, the nanocomplex achieved efficient peptide/siPD-L1 co-delivery and demonstrated significant antitumor activity. This system thus provides a promising strategy and experimental basis for local administration of ccRCC.

PMID 42902944
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PubMedDrug testing and analysis2026-10-22

Doping Control Analysis of Darbepoetin Alfa Biosimilars in Human Urine, Serum, Plasma, and Dried Blood Spots.

Akiyama Kentaro K, Sakurai Hikaru H, Sato Mitsuhiko M, Momobayashi Atsushi A et al.

Following the patent expiration of the originator darbepoetin alfa, three biosimilar products have been marketed in Japan; however, their detectability by current anti-doping methods has not yet been verified. The present study assessed whether these biosimilars can be detected in human urine, serum, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS) using the established initial testing procedure and confirmation analysis for erythropoietin-receptor agonists. The originator product and three biosimilars (5 μg, i.v.) were administered to healthy male volunteers. Samples collected up to 72 h postdose were subjected to immunopurification followed by sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SAR-PAGE) as the initial testing procedure. Confirmation was performed by SAR-PAGE with double blotting for serum and plasma. DBS and urine samples were confirmed by SAR-PAGE using an alternative antibody, and urine samples were further examined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). SAR-PAGE analysis of the pharmaceutical preparations revealed product-specific electrophoretic profiles: two biosimilars migrated slightly above one originator product as diffused smears, whereas the third produced a sharp band comparable to that of another originator product. Similar profiles were observed in postdose samples from all biological matrices, and all biosimilars remained detectable in urine, serum, plasma, and DBS for at least 72 h. Although some biosimilars showed distinct SAR-PAGE banding patterns, product attribution remained limited. LC-MS/MS confirmed administered darbepoetin alfa in the 24 h urine samples but did not detect analyte in lower concentration samples, indicating that its performance was concentration-dependent. Accordingly, SAR-PAGE should incorporate reference standards beyond the originator product, particularly those with different band morphologies.

PMID 42902912
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PubMedMacromolecular rapid communications2026-10-21

Anion-Regulated Phase Separation Constructs Mechanically Tunable Ion Gels for Strain Sensing.

Gao Jie J, Guo Song S, Ji Zhe Z, Cao Mo M et al.

Although ion gels are promising for flexible sensing, simultaneously achieving high mechanical strength, stretchability, ionic conductivity, and interfacial adhesion remains challenging. Here, we report the preparation of ion gels with tunable mechanical properties using two ionic liquids (ILs) with different compatibilities with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) via a one-pot ultraviolet (UV)-initiated polymerization. Adjusting the mixing ratio of the two ILs can regulate the phase separation of the gel and promote the formation of a bicontinuous phase. The optimized ion gel exhibits a tensile strength of 11 MPa, high elongation at break (363%), excellent ionic conductivity (1.4 × 10- 2 mS cm- 1), and robust interfacial adhesion. Ion gel-based strain sensors exhibit sensitive, reproducible resistance responses over a wide strain range and enable repeatable monitoring of human joint motions and daily activities. This work establishes a simple anion-regulated phase separation strategy for engineering high-performance ion gels for wearable sensing.

PMID 42902532
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PubMedMacromolecular rapid communications2026-10-21

A One-Stone-Two-Birds Strategy to Develop P-Por COF/PDES Composite Gels for Photothermal/Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity and Wearable Strain Sensing.

Ma Zheng Z, Wang Linlin L, Fan Ziyang Z, Yang Wenjie W et al.

Flexible wearable electronics face growing bacterial infection risks from prolonged skin contact, creating an urgent demand for flexible materials integrating efficient sensing and antibacterial functions. Herein, a novel phosphorus-containing porphyrin covalent organic framework (P-Por COF) was synthesized via a solvothermal Schiff-base reaction, and incorporated into a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent to fabricate P-Por COF/PDES composite gels through in-situ UV polymerization. The resulting gel exhibited enhanced photothermal performance, improved mechanical properties, and excellent near-infrared (NIR) triggered antibacterial activity. Under 730 nm NIR light irradiation, the P-Por COF/PDES composite gel could reach 76 °C with 4 min, while showing excellent stability of photothermal cycle. Based on the synergistic effect of photodynamic production of singlet oxygen and photothermal effect, the P-Por COF/PDES composite gel resulted in a high bactericidal rate of nearly 100% against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The P-Por COF/PDES composite gel delivered a fracture strain up to 2435.82% and 2.6-fold higher toughness than pure PDES, along with stable, sensitive and self-healable strain sensing for human motion monitoring. Overall, this work provides a simple and effective strategy for developing antibacterial materials and multifunctional gels with integrated therapeutic and sensing capabilities.

PMID 42902540
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PubMedBiomedicines2026-10-21

Correction: Alhoqail et al. Husk-like Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Apoptosis through ROS Generation in Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells: Effect of Incubation Period on Sol-Gel Synthesis and Anti-Cancerous Properties. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 320.

Alhoqail Wardah A WA, Alothaim Abdulaziz S AS, Suhail Mohd M, Iqbal Danish D et al.

In the original publication [...].

PMID 42902484
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PubMedJournal of nanobiotechnology2026-10-21

A programmable nanoplatform for inflammatory-state reprogramming in psoriasis treatment.

Chen Zhihua Z, Zhao Jinyu J, Huang Shiqi S, Lou Ge G et al.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Although current treatments alleviate symptoms, they primarily focus on inflammation suppression through single-target approaches, which fail to comprehensively address the complex pathological imbalances. To overcome this limitation, we developed a programmable delivery system based on a nanocomposite material composed of Tannic acid (TA), Cerium (Ce), and Luteolin (Lut), integrated into an in situ gelling hydrogel platform (TA-Ce-Lut-Gel), enabling multi-dimensional treatment strategy for psoriasis by precisely modulating oxidative stress, immune responses, and skin microbiota. The TA-Ce-Lut metal-polyphenol nanoparticles, constructed through coordination bonds, exhibited a size of 177.30 ± 0.55 nm and high encapsulation efficiency of 72.89 ± 5.32%. Upon incorporation into the hydrogel, this system provided a localized and sustained drug depot. In an imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis (both ear and back), TA-Ce-Lut-Gel significantly reduced skin inflammation, improved skin thickness, erythema, and scaling, showing superior efficacy compared to traditional anti-inflammatory treatments. This system alleviated ROS levels, regulated macrophage M2 polarization, and reshaped the immune response, while also modulating the TRAF6/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway to significantly inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Additionally, combined with NIR irradiation, TA-Ce-Lut-Gel enhanced transdermal drug delivery and antioxidant activity, further enhancing therapeutic effects and promoting skin microbiota recovery. This study presents an effective platform for localized precise treatment of psoriasis, overcoming the limitations of traditional single-target anti-inflammatory therapies and offering a potential strategy for the treatment of other immune-mediated diseases, with broad clinical application prospects.

PMID 42902367
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