Drug Database
TE

testosterone (Testavan)

✓ Approved

Simple Pharma · AR · Small Molecule

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a small molecule developed by Simple Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTestavan
CompanySimple Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteTransdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Simple Pharma

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of the science of food and agriculture2026-08-25

Gel properties and microstructure of Nemipterus virgatus myofibrillar protein/konjac glucomannan emulsion gel: effects of fish oil content.

Wu Yiqiong Y, Wang Yuting Y, Zhao Honglei H, Xu Yongxia Y et al.

Emulsion gels exhibit promising application prospects as solid fat substitutes and carriers for lipophilic bioactive compounds. This work investigated the effects of oil concentrations (40-65%, v/v) on the interfacial adsorption in emulsions, rheological properties, gel characteristics, and microstructure of emulsion gels stabilized by a mixture of Nemipterus virgatus myofibrillar protein (MP) and konjac glucomannan (KGM). The emulsifying activity of the MP/KGM mixture, the interfacial protein adsorption in the MP/KGM emulsion, and emulsion viscosity all peaked at an oil concentration of 55%. The increase in oil content (particularly 55%) assisted the structural transformation in MP from α-helix into β-sheet, promoting the development of a denser, more uniform network structure, which ultimately enhanced the hardness, gel strength, water-holding capacity, elasticity, and deformation resistance of emulsion gels. However, at excessively high oil levels (>55%), the MP/KGM mixture became inadequate to cover the oil-water interfaces, resulting in deterioration in the performances of the emulsion and emulsion gel. The MP/KGM emulsion gel with 55% fish oil displayed optimal gel performance. This study offers practical foundations for developing stable emulsion gels based on aquatic proteins. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID 42638228
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PubMedAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026-08-25

Iron-Tannic Acid Hydrogel Mediated Mild Photothermal Therapy Combined With Ferroptosis Enhances Anti-Tumor Immunity in Colorectal Cancer.

Zhu Yuan Y, Yu Xi X, Wang Tao T, Liu Wanyi W et al.

Postoperative recurrence and metastasis are the primary causes of mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC). And its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) often results in the poor response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). This study designed an injectable and adhesive tannic acid-iron hydrogel for locally mild photothermal therapy (PTT, ≤ 45°C) and ferroptosis to prevent the postoperative recurrence and metastasis in combination with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. First, this system was assembled from tannic acid (TA) and gelatin microspheres to form an injectable and adhesive hydrogel (Gel/TA). Subsequently, the metal-polyphenol network (MPNs) was introduced via Fe3+-TA interactions, providing photothermal conversion and Fe3+ release capabilities (Gel/TA/Fe3+). Gel/TA/Fe3+ hydrogels not only ablated tumor cells and induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, but also elicited ferroptosis of both tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophage (TAMs), resulting in dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, T-cell infiltration and down-regulation of ferroptosis-sensitive M2-type TAMs levels. Therefore, in cooperation with αPD-L1, Gel/TA/Fe3+ could not only evoke an immune response against the primary tumor, but also promote an abscopal effect against distant metastatic tumor. This work presented a novel material for CRC postoperative therapy via the synergistic effect of immediate tumor-cell killing and enhanced immunotherapy.

PMID 42640115
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PubMedVeterinary dermatology2026-08-25

A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Two-Dose Topical Terbinafine and Betamethasone Gel for the Treatment of Yeast (Malassezia pachydermatis) Otitis Externa in Dogs.

Baks Zorica Zivkovic ZZ, Heinz Hope Baird HB, Grundke Stephan S, Thompson Caryn C et al.

Otitis externa (OE) with Malassezia pachydermatis overgrowth with limited bacterial involvement is common in dogs. Treatment with products containing antibiotics is unnecessary and not consistent with judicious use of antimicrobials. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an otic gel containing 1% terbinafine and 0.1% betamethasone acetate for the treatment of yeast-predominant canine OE. 239 privately owned dogs were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were an otitis index score (OTIS3) of ≥ 6 and yeast-predominance on ear swab cytological evaluation. Dogs received either the study product containing terbinafine and betamethasone (TBG) or placebo (saline) on Day (D) 0 and D7. Follow-up visits were on D7, D14, D28 and D45. Clinical success was defined as an OTIS3 score ≤ 3 on D45. Overall clinical response (by the veterinary surgeon and owner) and yeast cytological count reduction also were assessed. Safety was evaluated based on clinical assessments, haematological and clinical chemical analysis, urinalysis and adverse events. The treatment success was significantly higher in the treated group compared to the placebo group (62.9% versus 20.0%, p < 0.0001). Dogs receiving TBG had a treatment response described as 'excellent' or 'good' by 61.9% and 71.1% of veterinary surgeons and owners, respectively. The safety evaluation demonstrated that the otic gel was safe. Efficacy and safety of an otic gel for the treatment of canine OE associated with Malassezia pachydermatis were demonstrated.

PMID 42638346
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PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-08-25

Mechanically Interlocked Networks Enable High-Performance Propylene Carbonate-Based Gel Electrolytes for Durable Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Shi Zhangqin Z, Yue Xinyang X, Liu Yuhang Y, Zhang Xinlong X et al.

Propylene carbonate (PC), with a wide liquid-phase temperature range, represents an ideal electrolyte solvent for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) operating under extreme conditions. However, the strong Li+‒PC coordination triggers severe solvent co-intercalation of graphite anodes, leading to irreversible exfoliation and capacity decay. Herein, the mechanically interlocked network (MIN) is proposed to construct the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) that effectively resolves this long-standing incompatibility through a dual-functional molecular design. The crown ether moieties within MIN establish dipole-dipole interactions with PC, disrupting the preferential Li+‒PC coordination and thereby suppressing solvent co-intercalation. The unique topological feature of MINs endows the gel host with high chain mobility, enabling rapid Li+ transport that exceeds conventional GPEs. When integrated into 1 Ah-level graphite||LiFePO4 pouch cells, the MIN-GPE (MGPE) with PC and LiPF6 delivers improved cycling stability over 300 cycles and demonstrates reliable performance across a temperature range from -20°C to 30°C. Furthermore, MGPE exhibits favorable compatibility with high-voltage LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes. This work highlights the potential of MINs as a versatile framework for GPE design to address PC incompatibility of graphite and sluggish Li+ transport of the polymer host, offering new insights into the development of PC electrolytes for durable LIBs.

PMID 42638232
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-08-25

Integrated Design for in Situ Ultra-Stable Gel Polymer Electrolyte Network Enables Long-Cycling and High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries.

Chen Jinqi J, Liu Qi Q, Niu Yanhua Y, Li Guangxian G

In situ polymerized electrolytes are considered as promising candidates for next-generation lithium metal batteries (LMBs) due to their conformal interface contact and compatibility with existing battery manufacturing processes. However, their application in LMBs is hindered by dendrite growth, a narrow electrochemical stability window, and low thermal stability. By constructing a cross-linked network via in situ copolymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) and S,S,S-triglycidyl isocyanurate (S,S,S-TGIC), the resulting TPDOL-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) effectively suppresses interfacial side reactions and significantly enhances oxidation stability. In addition, the electronegative nitrogen atoms on S,S,S-TGIC weaken ether-Li+ coordination, lowering the desolvation energy barrier and promoting uniform lithium deposition. Consequently, the resulting GPE delivers a high ionic conductivity of 1.66 × 10-3 S cm-1 and a wide electrochemical stability window of 5.7 V. The Li||Li symmetric cell achieves ultra-long cycling stability exceeding 2200 h at 1 mA cm-2. When coupled with high-voltage LiNi0.8Co0 .1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathodes, the full cell retains 86.7% capacity after 200 cycles at 1 C. Even with a high NCM811 loading of 7.1 mg cm-2, the cell achieves a stable initial discharge capacity of 155.4 mAh g-1. This polymer design strategy demonstrates significant promise for the development of high-energy-density LMBs.

PMID 42638500
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PubMedRapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM2026-08-25

Mass Spectrometry for Semiquantitative Analysis of Thermal Decomposition: A Methodological Case Study on the Pyrolysis of a (CH3)SiO1.5 Hybrid Gel.

Campostrini Renzo R, Guella Graziano G, Kroll Peter P, Grigiante Maurizio M

The thermal decomposition of (CH3)SiO1.5 gels has been systematically investigated by TG-MS, revealing a complex temperature-dependent evolution of gaseous species. This work demonstrates that the TG-MS analysis, coupled with rigorous data processing, allows to set up an insightful methodology to evolve from a qualitative monitoring tool into a quantitative approach, opening new avenues for thermal and compositional analysis. By combining ion current integration with fragmentation pattern analysis, a semiquantitative determination of the gas-phase composition was achieved, enabling correlation between individual species release, reaction mechanisms, and total mass loss. The stoichiometric analysis of the evolved products has allowed the reconstruction of the gel's initial chemical composition solely from MS data, offering a powerful alternative to conventional structural characterization. The excellent agreement between measured (17.28%) and MS-derived (17.24%) mass loss confirms the reliability of the approach, considering also that the thermal decomposition of the methylsiloxane hybrid gel investigated is representative of a complex system generating numerous overlapping volatile species. The proposed study investigates the potentialities of the TG-MS analysis in setting up a powerful tool for the study of thermal decomposition of hybrid organic-inorganic materials. The proposed approach opens new perspectives for thermal process investigations and for the compositional analysis of materials where conventional characterization methods are limited or unavailable.

PMID 42640088
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