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CSF-GM (Leucogen)

✓ Approved

LG Chem Ltd. · CSF2RA · Recombinant Proteins

What is CSF-GM?

CSF-GM is a recombinant proteins developed by LG Chem Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesLeucogen
CompanyLG Chem Ltd.
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetCSF2RA
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, LG Chem Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

CSF-GM acts on 1 molecular target:

CSF2RAcolony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit alpha (CD116, CSF2RX)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

CSF-GM is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Leukaemia✓ Approved
Blood and lymphatic system disordersMyelosuppression✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in public health2026-10-22

Association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and fracture prevalence among women aged 50 years and older: a NHANES-based study with a preliminary exploratory pilot analysis.

Wu Ji J, Liu Yunping Y, Huang Zihao Z, Ning Xingming X et al.

Gut microbiota has been implicated in bone metabolism, but whether a diet supporting gut microbial health is associated with fracture prevalence in older women remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between the dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) and fracture prevalence in women aged 50 years and older. We analyzed cross-sectional data from five NHANES cycles, including 6,318 women aged 50 years and older (mean age 63.8 ± 9.6 years). DI-GM scores were derived from 24-h dietary recalls based on 13 dietary components. Self-reported hip, wrist, or spine fracture was the outcome (863 women, 13.7%). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Weighted logistic regression and exploratory mediation analyses were performed. Higher DI-GM scores were associated with lower odds of fragility fracture (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-1.00, p = 0.035) and any fracture (Model 3: OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99, p = 0.045). Neither femoral neck nor spinal BMD significantly mediated these associations. In a small exploratory pilot cohort (n = 12), DI-GM scores were positively correlated with spinal BMD (R = 0.82, p = 0.0011). Higher DI-GM scores were associated with lower fracture prevalence in women aged 50 years and older, although BMD did not significantly mediate this association. Given the cross-sectional design and the small pilot sample, these findings should be considered exploratory and require confirmation in larger prospective studies.

PMID 42903176
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PubMedThe Journal of organic chemistry2026-10-22

Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Heck/C-H Activation for Divergent Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolinones via Alkyne or Aryne Insertion.

Jiang Meng M, Gao Zijie Z, Zhang Sai S, Yan Shenghu S et al.

Isoquinoline-containing polycyclic skeletons are ubiquitous in bioactive compounds. Introduced in this paper is Pd-catalyzed cascade Heck/C-H activation/cyclative insertion reactions to construct fused pyrroloisoquinolinones. Intramolecular Heck reaction of alkene- and aryl halide-tethered pyrrolidines affords C-H activated palladacycles which undergo [4 + 2] insertion with alkyne or aryne to afford the title products. Pd(PPh3)4/Cs2CO3 was employed for ethyl arylpropiolate insertion, and Pd(OAc)2/PPh3/CsF for insertion of arynes generated in situ from silyl aryl triflates. This cascade protocol has a broad substrate scope and can be performed on a gram scale. Control reactions demonstrate that electron-rich alkynes favor insertion into palladacycles. Naphthalene-derived substrates undergo exclusive premature reductive elimination, preventing the seven-membered ring formation.

PMID 42902735
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PubMedAnnals of African medicine2026-10-22

Incidence and Outcomes of Incidental Dural Tears Following Open Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Three-and-a-Half-Year Experience from Benin City, Nigeria.

Usiholo Ali Elijah AE, Akpede George Aighobahi GA, Idehen Hanson Osazuwa HO

Incidental durotomy is a recognized complication of lumbar spine surgery and may lead to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, pseudomeningocele, meningitis, and prolonged hospitalization if not promptly recognized and adequately repaired. There is limited information on its incidence and management from sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the incidence, risk factors, management, and early outcomes of incidental dural tears following open lumbar spine surgery in a Nigerian private neurosurgical practice. We conducted a retrospective review of 68 consecutive patients who underwent open lumbar spine surgery between July 2022 and December 2025. Patient demographics, operative characteristics, occurrence of incidental dural tears, methods of repair, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Comparisons between patients with and without dural tears were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher's exact test, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Incidental dural tears occurred in 9 of 68 (13.2%) patients. Thirty-five (51.5%) patients underwent single-level decompression, while 33 (48.5%) underwent multilevel decompression. Dural tears occurred in 4 of 35 (11.4%) patients undergoing single-level decompression and in 5 of 33 (15.2%) patients undergoing multilevel decompression, with no significant association between multilevel surgery and incidental durotomy (P = 0.65). Both patients with previous lumbar surgery sustained incidental dural tears, and previous surgery was significantly associated with durotomy (P = 0.016). All dural tears were recognized intraoperatively and repaired immediately using primary suture closure with selective adjunctive use of autologous fascial grafts and cyanoacrylate sealant. No patient developed persistent CSF leakage or meningitis, and one patient developed a pseudomeningocele that resolved with conservative management. Incidental durotomy occurred in 13.2% of patients undergoing open lumbar spine surgery in this series. Prompt intraoperative recognition and layered repair resulted in favorable early outcomes. Although previous lumbar surgery was significantly associated with incidental durotomy, this finding should be interpreted cautiously because of the small number of revision procedures. Larger prospective multicenter studies are required to better define risk factors and optimize management in similar resource-limited settings.

PMID 42902990
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PubMedVirology journal2026-10-21

Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in CSF of paediatric patients with suspected meningitis or encephalitis.

Hemmati Negar N, Fallah Fatemeh Hoda FH, Kiasari Bahman Abedi BA

The clinical significance of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in pediatric central nervous system (CNS) infections remains uncertain, particularly in immunocompromised children. To determine the frequency of MCPyV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from children with suspected viral meningitis or encephalitis and evaluate its association with HIV infection, CSF findings, and clinical outcomes. CSF samples from 46 pediatric patients with suspected viral CNS infection were analyzed using TaqMan probe-based quantitative PCR targeting the large T-antigen gene. Positive specimens were confirmed by amplification of an independent VP1 target and bidirectional Sanger sequencing following conventional PCR re-amplification. Clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were compared using appropriate statistical tests. MCPyV DNA was detected in 6/46 patients (13.0%), all of whom were HIV-positive (p = 0.001; sensitivity analysis excluding patients with unknown HIV status, p = 0.002). Four isolates belonged to genotype I and two to genotype IIc. Compared with MCPyV-negative patients, MCPyV-positive patients had higher CSF lymphocyte percentages (89% vs. 84%; p = 0.048), higher protein concentrations (79 vs. 68 mg/dL; p = 0.022), lower glucose concentrations (51 vs. 55 mg/dL; p = 0.038), and more frequent altered consciousness (83.3% vs. 37.5%; p = 0.039). EBV DNA co-detection was identified in one MCPyV-positive patient. MCPyV DNA was detected exclusively in HIV-positive children and was associated with inflammatory CSF abnormalities. These findings suggest a possible association between MCPyV detection, immunosuppression, and CNS inflammation but do not establish causality. Larger multicenter studies are required.

PMID 42902299
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PubMedBMC infectious diseases2026-10-21

Brucella melitensis infection complicated by secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, meningitis, and multiorgan damage: a case report and literature review.

Li Yiqun Y, Chen Xinmei X, Wang Juanqiang J, Yang Mingxi M et al.

Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases globally. Of the twelve known Brucella species that affect mammals, Brucella melitensis is the most significant cause of human infection. Others include B. abortus, B. suis, and B. canis, with transmission occurring via unpasteurized dairy, direct animal contact, or occupational exposure (veterinarians, farmers, and laboratory workers). Although hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and neurological complications are known sequelae of brucellosis, their simultaneous occurrence with multiorgan failure is rarely reported. A 59-year-old female was admitted with dizziness and fatigue for more than 20 days, accompanied by fever and lethargy for 3 days. An epidemiological history revealed that the patient had close contact with goats, which was considered a key risk factor. On physical examination, the patient appeared lethargic, with petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes, oral blood blisters, gingival bleeding, and splenomegaly. Laboratory results revealed significantly increased ferritin levels, decreased fibrinogen levels, pancytopenia, and elevated transaminase levels. Bone marrow aspiration confirmed the presence of hemophagocytes. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination supported a diagnosis of meningitis. Blood cultures grew Brucella melitensis, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of CSF revealed a large number of B. melitensis-specific nucleic acid sequences. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with B. melitensis infection complicated by HLH, meningitis, and multiorgan dysfunction. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone sodium, doxycycline, rifampicin, glucocorticoids, and supportive therapy. Following treatment, her consciousness improved, the fever subsided, the total platelet count rose, and liver enzyme levels gradually decreased. The patient was discharged in stable condition. At the 2-month follow-up, the patient remained in remission with normal haematological indicators, no recurrent fever, and stable neurological function. This case reflects the severe nature of brucellosis when atypical multiorgan involvement is present and highlights the diagnostic challenges and the importance of early and standardized treatment. Maintaining a high level of clinical suspicion and achieving an early definite diagnosis are key to improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. In addition, this case report helps expand the known spectrum of clinical complications related to brucellosis.

PMID 42902210
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PubMedRheumatology (Oxford, England)2026-10-20

Activated B cells steer fibroblasts towards a proinflammatory phenotype in giant cell arteritis.

Xu Shuang S, Jiemy William F WF, Inrueangsri Nanthicha N, Ko YouBeen Y et al.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is characterized by chronic large-vessel inflammation and remodelling. Within affected arteries, especially in aorta, organized B cell clusters are mainly localized in adventitia, where fibroblasts represent the dominant stromal population. This study aims to investigate fibroblast heterogeneity within these clusters and B cell-fibroblast interactions in vitro as possible contributors to disease chronicity in GCA. Fibroblast phenotypes in CD20+B cell clusters in GCA and atherosclerotic aortic tissues were characterized using immunohistochemistry for fibroblast markers (CD90, PDPN, FAP, CD248, α-SMA) and cytokine expression (IL-6, GM-CSF, BAFF). In vitro, peripheral blood B cells from treatment-naïve GCA patients and healthy donors were stimulated and cocultured with human aortic adventitial fibroblasts (HAoAFs) using either direct cell coculture or transwell systems. To identify relevant molecular pathways for B cell-fibroblast interaction, HAoAFs were pre-treated with infliximab, tocilizumab, baricitinib or upadacitinib, followed by exposure to activated B cell conditioned medium (aBCCM). Protein secretion was assessed by ELISA, Luminex and Olink, mRNA expression was determined by qPCR. CD90+PDPN+immunofibroblasts mainly localized centrally, whereas CD90+FAP+ and CD90+CD248+fibroblasts mostly located at the border of the clusters. Fibroblasts in/around clusters co-expressed IL-6, GM-CSF, and BAFF. In vitro, HAoAFs cocultured with activated B cells or supernatants thereof upregulated IL-6, GM-CSF, PDPN, and FAP mRNA, and actively secreted IL-6, GM-CSF and BAFF, while type I collagen expression was suppressed. JAK-STAT inhibition abrogated these pro-inflammatory effects, whereas TNF-α and IL-6 receptor blockade did not. Activated B cells drive fibroblasts toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype, potentially sustaining chronic inflammation and disease progression in GCA. JAK-STAT signalling appears central to this effect, highlighting its therapeutic potency at the vascular level in GCA.

PMID 42897993
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