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egualen sodium (egualen sodium / Azroksa / egualen)

✓ Approved

Kotobuki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is egualen sodium?

egualen sodium is a small molecule developed by Kotobuki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesegualen sodium, Azroksa, egualen
CompanyKotobuki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Kotobuki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Therapeutic Indications

egualen sodium is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersGastric ulcer✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedDrug metabolism and personalized therapy2026-08-25

Safinamide dual molecular mechanisms: sodium channel and glutamate modulation as a translational rationale for neuropathic pain - A narrative review.

Bhui Utpal U, Pal Radheshyam R, Chakraborty Amit A, Sridhar Sathvik Belagodu SB et al.

Neuropathic pain is a chronic and debilitating condition characterized by maladaptive changes in peripheral and central nervous system pathways. It is driven by abnormal neuronal excitability and excitatory neurotransmission. Among the key contributors are voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and glutamatergic mechanisms, both of which play pivotal roles in peripheral and central sensitization. This narrative review was conducted through a structured literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google Scholar, and relevant gray literature sources. Search terms included safinamide, Xadago, sodium channels, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, mGluR, EAAT, neuropathic pain, and neuropathy. English-language in vitro, animal, and human studies were considered, and evidence was synthesized according to mechanistic relevance, preclinical findings, clinical pain outcomes, and translational limitations. Through selective interaction with inactivated sodium channel states that are common in hyperexcitable neurons and presynaptic regulation of glutamate without interfering with normal transmission. Safinamide is able to suppress ectopic discharges, decrease central sensitization, and alleviate neuroinflammation. Preclinical models reveal the strong dose-dependent antinociceptive activity, the restoration of sodium current densities, and the decreased evoked glutamate overflow. There are clinical studies of the populations with the PD that demonstrate that pain-related outcomes improve significantly and depend on the improvement of motor symptoms to a lesser extent. Safinamide's balanced profile has the potential benefits of improved tolerability and multimodal activity compared to conventional sodium channel blockers or direct NMDA antagonists. Although the existing clinical evidence outside the context of Parkinson's disease is still scarce, its pharmacodynamic characteristics make it possible to develop further studies in a variety of neuropathic pain syndromes using biomarker-based, randomized controlled trials.

PMID 42639659
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PubMedScientific reports2026-08-25

Seasonal assessment of groundwater quality and irrigation suitability using a solar-powered AgNP/activated carbon treatment system in a coastal aquifer.

Omar Mohamed Y MY, Ibrahim Rania A RA, Bestawy Ebtesam El EE, Tonbol Kareem M KM et al.

The increasing water scarcity, groundwater degradation, and climate variability have increased the demand for sustainable groundwater management strategies in arid and semiarid regions. This work presents an integrated framework for groundwater monitoring and irrigation suitability assessment of groundwater from 13 borehole at a university campus in Alexandria, Egypt, under climate change conditions. The developed system was implemented via a field-scale, solar-powered fixed-bed column packed with a green-synthesized silver-nanoparticle/activated-carbon nanocomposite (AgNPs/AC-NC). Groundwater from the 13 wells was sampled over 4 consecutive seasons to investigate the spatial and temporal variations in physicochemical, microbiological, and hydrochemical characteristics before and after treatment. In addition, water quality indices were calculated to assess water suitability for irrigation in accordance with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) guidelines. The preliminary hydrochemical analysis of the raw samples indicated that sodium and bicarbonate ions were the dominant ions, which is typical for the sodium-bicarbonate water type, with elevated salinity, turbidity and dissolved constituents during the warm seasons. The AgNPs/AC-NC treatment resulted in reductions in salinity-related parameters, major dissolved ions, and irrigation hazard indices averaged across all wells and seasons. Most of the physicochemical parameters showed an overall reduction of 30-80%, with the most significant reductions in sulphate (80.3%), alkalinity (71.0%), sodium and potassium (67.4%), nitrate (52.6%), electrical conductivity (54.2%), chloride (53.5%), and total dissolved solids (47.3%). In addition, the potential salinity, residual sodium carbonate and total hardness decreased by 50-72%, and the total and fecal coliform concentrations were < 1 CFU/100 mL in most samples. While most of the parameters were within the FAO irrigation standards, copper, nitrite, acidity and turbidity remained above the standard, suggesting that a dedicated copper removal and polishing step is still needed. Nonetheless, the framework provides a practical, decentralized groundwater treatment and irrigation reuse model that is climate-resilient, making it suitable in water-scarce regions.

PMID 42637805
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PubMedNature communications2026-08-25

Potential sublimating exocomets around the young star PDS 70.

Novais Aline A, Hoeijmakers H Jens HJ, Stockwell Murphy Alexandra A, Prinoth Bibiana B et al.

Recent observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have indicated the presence of water in the inner regions of the disc around the young protostar PDS 70, but the origin of this water remains unclear. Here we report the discovery of variable absorption lines of neutral sodium in archival High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectra of PDS 70. These lines vary strongly and stochastically on a daily basis, in amplitude, number, and radial velocity. Our measurements indicate that this gas tends to be optically thick, and partially cover the stellar disc, meaning this fast-moving gas is often spatially confined. We explore several hypotheses for the origin of these lines, and conclude that a likely source of the observed sodium is sublimation of planetesimals that transit the star on highly elliptical orbits, reminiscent of the exocomet phenomenon seen in other seen in other extrasolar systems. These sublimating exocomets could play a role in sourcing the previously observed water in the inner, terrestrial-planet forming region of the PDS 70 system.

PMID 42637760
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PubMedHeart (British Cardiac Society)2026-08-25

Prognostic and exploratory neurohormonal correlates of hypochloraemia in heart failure: a multicentre cohort study.

Inukai Kohei K, Takefuji Mikito M, Kazama Shingo S, Ito Ryota R et al.

Hypochloraemia has emerged as a prognostic marker in heart failure, although the mechanisms underlying chloride dysregulation remain incompletely understood. We evaluated the prognostic significance of serum chloride levels and explored clinical and biochemical correlates of hypochloraemia including circulating urocortin 2 (UCN2). This multicentre prospective cohort study included 3941 patients discharged after hospitalisation for acute or worsening heart failure with available serum chloride measurements. Patients were categorised according to discharge chloride levels as hypochloraemia, normochloraemia or hyperchloraemia. Associations between chloride status and 2-year outcomes were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risk models. Exploratory analyses of circulating UCN2 concentrations were performed in a predefined subset of 499 patients. Hypochloraemia was independently associated with adverse outcomes after multivariable adjustment, including all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 2.09; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.67; p<0.001), cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR, 2.29; 95% CI 1.64 to 3.20; p<0.001), heart failure rehospitalisation (adjusted HR, 1.30; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.67; p=0.04) and the composite outcome (adjusted HR, 1.46; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.78; p<0.001). Competing risk analyses demonstrated that the excess mortality risk associated with hypochloraemia was predominantly cardiovascular. In models including both serum chloride and sodium, chloride remained independently associated with all-cause mortality whereas sodium did not. In exploratory analyses, circulating UCN2 concentrations showed a modest inverse association with serum chloride levels after adjustment for sodium, renal function, nutritional status and clinical severity (B=-0.37; 95% CI -0.72 to -0.02; p=0.04). Hypochloraemia identified patients with heart failure at substantially increased cardiovascular risk independent of established prognostic markers. Exploratory analyses suggested a potential association between circulating UCN2 and chloride homeostasis that warrants mechanistic investigation.

PMID 42638074
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PubMedAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026-08-25

Intermediate-Phase Buffering Unlocks Reversible High-Voltage Cycling in O3-Type Sodium Oxide Cathodes.

Sheng Tiandu T, Li Jian J, Wang Lihua L, Nie Haiying H et al.

The irreversible O3-P3 phase transition in layered sodium oxide cathodes leads to severe volumetric strain and capacity fading. While recent progress via high-entropy design or dual-phase structuring has improved structural stability, these strategies primarily focus on suppressing rather than guiding the phase transition pathway. Herein, we propose an "intermediate phase engineering" concept in a high-entropy O3-type cathode, Na0.9Ni0.32Zn0.08Co0.1Fe0.1Mn0.3Ti0.1O2 (Na9NZCFMT), which enables the spontaneous formation of a strain-buffering OP2 intermediate phase at 3.8 V. Unlike conventional approaches that suppress phase transitions, the OP2 phase acts as a structural buffer that actively guides oxygen-layer gliding along an ordered, low-strain pathway, reducing the volumetric strain from 6.86% to 3.12%. Through integrated in situ XRD, XAS, STEM, and DFT calculations, we unravel the formation condition and buffering mechanism of this OP2 phase: The local coordination environment modulated by specific elements lowers the energy barrier for its formation, leading to a thermodynamically favored and kinetically accessible intermediate state. The cathode exhibits highly reversible structural evolution and anionic redox, delivering 91.5% capacity retention after 100 cycles. This work offers a generalizable strategy for designing stable high-voltage layered cathodes.

PMID 42638537
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PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-08-25

Strain-Retardant Sodium Layered Cathodes Enabled by Conformal Octahedral Matching.

Wang Haoji H, Mei Yu Y, Hu Xinyu X, Sun Lei L et al.

P2-type layered transition metal (TM) oxides have emerged as promising cathode candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their intrinsic air stability and open prismatic diffusion pathways. However, at moderate (de)sodiation, severe structural breakdown and performance failure associated with the intra-particle anisotropic lattice strain and stress are habitually neglected. In this study, we reveal the intrinsic correlation between strain evolution and capacity diving in P2-type layered cathodes, where strain expansion, rather than conventional phase transitions or oxygen loss, is identified as the center of cathodic degradation. Upon the build-up of lattice strain beyond a structural threshold during cycling, lattice fracture and amorphization are triggered to block the reversible Na-ion transport, as confirmed by ex situ XAS, EBSD analysis, and intuitive structural observations. By integrating highly matched conformal octahedra into the host lattice as a structural 'buffer', the pernicious strain expansion is significantly mitigated by nearly 30% per cycle relative to the bare counterpart, as evidenced by in situ XRD and mechanical simulations. The resulting cathode exhibits exceptional cycling durability with improved 81.0% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 3 C. These findings highlight the mechanistic role of strain expansion on cathode degradation and rationalize the design of long-lived layered oxide cathodes.

PMID 42639975
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