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enoxaparin sodium (PrInclunox HP / Inclunox HP)

✓ Approved

Sandoz Group AG · SERPINC1

What is enoxaparin sodium?

enoxaparin sodium is a therapeutic agent developed by Sandoz Group AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesPrInclunox HP, Inclunox HP
CompanySandoz Group AG
Molecular TargetSERPINC1, F2, F10
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sandoz Group AG

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

enoxaparin sodium acts on 3 molecular targets:

SERPINC1serpin family C member 1 (ATIII, AT3D)
F2coagulation factor II, thrombin (THPH1, PT)
F10coagulation factor X (FXA, FX)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

enoxaparin sodium is developed for 5 unique indications across 4 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Cardiac disordersAngina unstable✓ Approved
Cardiac disordersMyocardial infarction✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersPulmonary thrombosis✓ Approved
Vascular disordersVenous thrombosis✓ Approved
Surgical and medical proceduresAdjuvant therapy✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedNMR in biomedicine2026-09-19

Quantitative Sodium MRI of the Human Patellar Tendon.

Möller Rika R, Jurisic Julia J, Drewes Lukas R LR, Ljimani Alexandra A et al.

Sodium MRI can be used in musculoskeletal imaging to assess tissue composition because sodium concentration is related to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. In tendinopathy, the GAG content is elevated, resulting in a high signal in sodium MRI. Because biochemical changes typically precede structural alterations, sodium MRI may be a useful indicator for detecting early tendon matrix changes associated with tendinopathy. Quantitative sodium concentration determination has only been applied to Achilles tendons but not yet to smaller tendons, such as the patellar tendon. Due to its smaller diameter, the patellar tendon is more susceptible to partial volume artifacts, making accurate sodium concentration quantification more challenging. However, partial volume correction (PVC) may help overcome these difficulties. In this study, we determined the apparent tissue sodium concentration (aTSC) in seven patients with patellar tendinopathy and 20 healthy controls using clinical 3 T MRI with a density-adapted 3D radial MR-sequence. Sodium images were corrected for partial volume effects using an in-house developed PVC, called the estimated single target correction (eSTC). Additionally, 1H T2* values were calculated for comparison, as they are sensitive to structural alterations. Sodium relaxation times were determined in three healthy controls, resulting in a T1 of 30.2 ± 0.4 ms and a biexponential T2s* of 0.7 ± 0.2 ms and T2l* of 13.0 ± 0.1 ms. The short component ps accounted for 35.7% ± 2.1% of the transversal relaxation. aTSC values were 35.4 ± 10.1 mM in tendinopathy patients and 21.6 ± 3.9 mM in healthy controls. 1H T2* values were 5.4 ± 1.9 ms and 2.8 ± 0.3 ms, respectively. Differences between patients and controls were significant for both parameters. These findings support the suitability of sodium MRI for quantitative assessment of the patellar tendon and demonstrate its potential for visualizing biochemical changes associated with patellar tendinopathy.

PMID 42760799
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PubMedBMC oral health2026-09-19

Comparative in vitro evaluation of sonic, passive ultrasonic, and Er: YAG laser-activated irrigation on Enterococcus faecalis reduction and smear layer/debris removal in root canals.

Farag Rehab Ali RA, El Mekkawi Abd El Rahman O AERO, Beshr Khaled K, Sayed Mohamed M et al.

Persistent intraradicular infection remains a major cause of endodontic treatment failure because conventional syringe irrigation may not adequately reach the apical third, dentinal tubules, and canal irregularities. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy and smear layer/debris removal ability of sonic activation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, and Er: YAG laser-activated irrigation using photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS), relative to conventional syringe irrigation, in prepared root canals infected with a mono-species Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Sixty extracted single-rooted mandibular second premolars were prepared, sterilized, inoculated with E. faecalis, and randomly allocated to conventional syringe irrigation, sonic activation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, or Er: YAG/PIPS activation (n = 15). All groups received 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Post-irrigation bacterial load was quantified as log10 CFU/mL, and smear layer/debris removal in the apical, middle, and coronal thirds was assessed by scanning electron microscopy using a five-point score. CFU values were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test, and SEM scores by the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple-comparison test. Inter-examiner agreement was assessed using Cohen's kappa. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Bacterial load differed significantly among groups (F(3, 56) = 85.11, p < 0.001). Mean log10 CFU/mL values were 6.41 ± 0.30 for conventional irrigation, 5.37 ± 0.26 for sonic activation, 4.12 ± 0.24 for passive ultrasonic irrigation, and 4.28 ± 0.27 for Er: YAG/PIPS activation. Passive ultrasonic and Er: YAG/PIPS activation produced significantly lower bacterial loads than sonic activation and conventional irrigation, with no significant difference between the ultrasonic and laser groups (p = 0.452). SEM scores also differed significantly (H = 38.9, p < 0.001). Overall median scores were 4.5 (IQR 4-5), 3 (IQR 3-4), and 2 (IQR 2-3) for conventional, sonic, and both ultrasonic and laser activation, respectively. All tested activation methods improved root canal disinfection and smear layer/debris removal compared with conventional syringe irrigation. Passive ultrasonic irrigation and Er: YAG/PIPS activation were more effective than sonic activation and showed comparable performance. These methods may be useful adjuncts to sodium hypochlorite irrigation, although clinical studies are needed to confirm their clinical effectiveness.

PMID 42760526
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PubMedFrontiers in nutrition2026-09-19

Dietary ecological momentary assessments: validation against food diaries and associations with health biomarkers.

Boronat Anna A, Soldevila-Domenech Natalia N, Clivillé-Pérez Joana J, Cuenca-Royo Aida A et al.

Digital approaches that capture dietary behavior repeatedly in real-world settings may improve the monitoring of long-term lifestyle interventions while reducing participant burden and supporting self-awareness. This study developed and evaluated a low-burden dietary ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol to monitor Mediterranean diet adherence during the 12-month PENSA multimodal lifestyle trial in older adults at increased risk of cognitive decline. A total of 104 participants aged 60-80 years with subjective cognitive decline and APOE-ε4 carrier status were included. Daily mobile EMA prompts assessed key Mediterranean diet food groups through a rotating schedule, and participants received personalized feedback every 4 weeks. EMA-derived adherence indicators were evaluated against the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener, 3-day food diaries, nutrient profiles, usability data, and cardiometabolic and dementia-risk markers. Mediterranean diet adherence improved over the intervention, with EMA scores increasing from 73.6 to 82.3% and capturing dynamic changes in dietary quality across the year. EMA-derived indicators showed increasing convergence with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener over time (ρ = 0.36 at 6 months and ρ = 0.46 at 12 months; both p < 0.001) and were associated with expected nutrient patterns, including higher fiber and monounsaturated fat intake and lower free sugar, saturated fat, and sodium intake. Higher EMA-based adherence was also associated with lower body mass index, visceral adiposity, body fat percentage, insulin resistance, glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride-glucose index, and lifestyle-based dementia risk. The protocol showed high feasibility, with sustained completion rates and positive participant evaluations, although engagement declined modestly over time. These findings support dietary EMA as a feasible, scalable, and behaviorally meaningful approach for monitoring and promoting Mediterranean diet adherence in real-world lifestyle interventions, with potential value both as an assessment tool and as an active component to reinforce dietary change. The PENSA trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03978052).

PMID 42760935
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PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-09-19

SGLT2 versus DPP-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of outcomes.

Fang Xiancong X, Li Rong R, Liu Shengbin S, Zou Xiaomin X et al.

To systematically compare sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) in glycemic control, weight reduction and genital infection risk in type 2 diabetic patients, and provide evidence-based support for individualized clinical medication. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE was performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from database inception. Data on glycated hemoglobin, body weight, and genital infections were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane ROB 2.0 tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 17.0, with effect sizes pooled by high- and low-dose SGLT2i subgroups. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, publication bias assessment (funnel plots plus Egger's test), and GRADE evidence quality rating were performed. 10 RCTs were ultimately included. For low-dose SGLT2i, the reduction in glycated hemoglobin was not statistically different from that of DPP4i (mean difference [MD] = 0.01%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.05% to 0.07%, P = 0.75). In contrast, high-dose SGLT2i demonstrated superior glycemic efficacy (MD = -0.15%, 95% CI: -0.27% to -0.03%, P = 0.01). Regardless of dosage, SGLT2i were significantly more effective than DPP4i in reducing body weight (low-dose MD = -1.69, high-dose MD = -1.92; both P < 0.01). Regarding safety, both low- and high-dose SGLT2i were associated with a significantly higher risk of genital infections compared with DPP4i (low-dose odds ratio [OR] = 4.25, high-dose OR = 4.03; both P < 0.01). Subgroup analyses suggested that the glucose-lowering effects might vary among individual SGLT2i agents, but these exploratory findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies. High-dose SGLT2i offer superior glycemic control versus DPP4i; all SGLT2i doses confer significant weight loss benefits but carry a higher genital infection risk. Clinicians should therefore consider individual glycemic targets, weight status, and infection risk when selecting glucose-lowering therapies. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD420261468619, identifier CRD420261468619.

PMID 42761086
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PubMedJACC. Basic to translational science2026-09-18

Dapagliflozin Prevents Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction by Inhibiting the Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger.

Liu Man M, Liu Hong H, Kim Eunji E, Kang Gyeoung-Jin GJ et al.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have shown protective effects against heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but SGLT2 is not expressed significantly in the heart. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (Dapa) alters HypoMg-associated HFpEF. HypoMg was induced by a low-Mg diet in mice or in a human cardiomyocyte cell line. Three weeks of Dapa treatment prevented HypoMg-induced HFpEF in mice. In RL-14 cardiomyocytes, sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) overexpression or activation mimicked the cellular effects of HypoMg. Dapa reversed these changes. Dapa prevented cardiac HFpEF by inhibiting cardiomyocyte NHE1 activity and suppressing macrophage activation.

PMID 42759294
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PubMedOrganic & biomolecular chemistry2026-09-18

En route towards "organic sodium": strongly excited-state reducing phenothiazines with application in photoredox catalysis.

Rettig Carl J CJ, Steinfort Julia J, Gathge Tim T, Viehbeck Robert R et al.

The phenothiazine scaffold with a strongly electron-donating substituent is a suitable structural motif for the development of new photoredox catalysts operating in the oxidative quenching cycle. The design, investigation and application of new, highly reducing tri-substituted phenothiazines, which can be readily accessed in a one-pot procedure, reveal sodium-like oxidation potentials upon excitation with UV light.

PMID 42757881
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