Drug Database
AC

acetylsalicylic acid (Asacard / Flamasacard / ASA, Flamel)

✓ Approved

Therabel · PTGS1 · Small Molecule

What is acetylsalicylic acid?

acetylsalicylic acid is a small molecule developed by Therabel. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAsacard, Flamasacard, ASA, Flamel
CompanyTherabel
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPTGS1, PTGS2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Therabel

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

acetylsalicylic acid acts on 2 molecular targets:

PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (COX3, PCOX1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (GRIPGHS, hCox-2)
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Therapeutic Indications

acetylsalicylic acid is developed for 6 unique indications across 5 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Cardiac disordersMyocardial infarction✓ Approved
Nervous system disordersDelayed ischaemic neurological deficit✓ Approved
Gastrointestinal disordersAbdominal pain✓ Approved
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatitis✓ Approved
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatic function abnormalPhase I

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Related Research Articles

PubMedAllergologia et immunopathologia2026-09-19

Systematic allergological evaluation enables NSAID allergy delabeling and identification of safe alternatives in adults.

Guzmán Avilán Rosa I RI, Avilés Vargas Silvia Rosario SR, González Díaz Sandra N SN, Ortega Natalhie Acuña NA et al.

Hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a frequent reason for allergy referral and a major diagnostic challenge. In everyday practice, overdiagnosis contributes to unnecessary drug avoidance, restricting therapeutic access to first-line analgesic and anti-inflammatory treatments and impacting clinical care. To determine the true prevalence of confirmed NSAID hypersensitivity in adults with suspected reactions through systematic allergological evaluation and assess its clinical impact on therapeutic access through safe delabeling and identification of alternative agents. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study including adults ≥18 years with suspected NSAID hypersensitivity evaluated at a tertiary referral center in Mexico between March and November 2025. All patients underwent standardized assessment including detailed clinical history, skin testing (prick and intradermal), and controlled drug provocation tests (DPTs) with acetylsalicylic acid, the implicated NSAID, and celecoxib. Clinical phenotypes were classified according to EAACI/ENDA guidelines. Associations between clinical variables and confirmed hypersensitivity were analyzed. Thirty-three patients were included; 72.7% were women, and 42.4% were aged 18-30 years. Atopy was present in 63.6%. Urticaria/angioedema predominated (69.7%). Ibuprofen and diclofenac were most frequently implicated (45.5%). Skin testing showed low diagnostic yield (6.1% prick; 21.2% intradermal). DPT was positive in 24.2%, mainly inducing urticaria. Celecoxib was tolerated in all patients with multiple hypersensitivity. Overall, 48.5% had no confirmed hypersensitivity and were successfully delabeled, restoring access to NSAID therapy. Multiple hypersensitivity occurred in 39.4% and selective reactions in 12.1%, with NIUAA as the predominant phenotype (33.4%). Atopy (p = 0.002) and recurrent episodes (p < 0.001) were associated with multiple hypersensitivity. Nearly half of adults labeled as NSAID-allergic were not truly hypersensitive. These prospective Mexican data demonstrate the clinical impact of systematic evaluation in reducing overdiagnosis and improving therapeutic access.

PMID 42760878
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PubMedThe AAPS journal2026-09-19

Investigating the Role of Phenolic Acid Coformers in Enhancing the Physicochemical Properties of Enzalutamide Coamorphous Systems.

Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao VKR, Chatziadi Argyro A, Ridvan Luděk L, Šoóš Miroslav M

Coamorphous systems are gaining interest as an effective formulation strategy to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. This study investigates the role of phenolic acids as coformers in enhancing the physicochemical properties of enzalutamide (ENZ), a poorly soluble anticancer drug. Five phenolic acids-p-coumaric acid (CMA), ferulic acid (FRA), cinnamic acid (CNA), vanillic acid (VNA), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA)-were selected based on their glass-forming ability and potential for molecular interactions. Coamorphous systems were prepared and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC), attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. All coformers successfully induced amorphization, evidenced by halo patterns in PXRD and single glass transition temperatures in mDSC. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the absence of strong intermolecular bonding, indicating homogeneous mixing. The coamorphous systems exhibited improved solubility across physiological pH conditions and maintained supersaturation for at least four hours under non-sink dissolution testing. These results highlight the potential of phenolic acids as coformers in developing stable, high-performing coamorphous drug systems to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble APIs like enzalutamide.

PMID 42760494
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PubMedJournal of food science2026-09-19

Study on the Nutritional Characteristics and Flavor of De-Anthocyanidin Black Rice Fermented by Multiple Compound Lactobacillus.

Yang Yamao Y, Wei Shasha S, Zhang Hua H, He Yan Y et al.

De-anthocyanin black rice (DBR) is a residue generated after the industrial extraction of anthocyanins; it retains considerable polysaccharides and other bioactives but remains largely underutilized. In this study, DBR underwent co-fermentation using a 2:1 (v/v) mixture of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus at 30°C for 39 h. This mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation led to a marked drop in pH, a rise in titratable acidity, and a final LAB viable count reaching 9.47 Log CFU/mL. Total phenolic content rose by 24.60% to 18.23 mg GAE/mL, and both total flavonoids and DPPH/ABTS radical-scavenging activities increased markedly. Fermentation led to the formation of 19 additional volatile compounds as identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Increased concentrations of alcohols, esters, and short-chain fatty acids (predominantly acetic acid) were linked to desirable fruity aromas. In the fermented matrix, lactic acid was the major total organic acid, but it is non‑volatile. Consequently, acetic acid became the main component of the volatile acidic profile. These findings demonstrate that mixed LAB fermentation substantially improves the nutritional, antioxidant, and flavor properties of DBR, supporting its potential application as a functional beverage base.

PMID 42760795
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PubMedNature water2026-09-19

Plasmon-enhanced reductive defluorination of PFAS in water under ambient conditions.

Durak Ozce O, Lee Seung Soo S SSS, Watt Lydia MacFarlane LM, Maisto Susanna K SK et al.

Photo-driven, plasmon-enhanced catalysis enables polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) degradation in water under ambient conditions. Here we show that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced localized surface plasmon resonance drives reductive defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, two legacy contaminants. Stable, quantum-sized palladium and platinum nanocatalysts supported on aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-NH2-Pd and MSN-NH2-Pt) transform perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid with stoichiometric, or near-stoichiometric, fluoride release under low-intensity UVC or UVA irradiation at room temperature. Time-resolved 19F nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry and complementary analyses indicate a stepwise reductive hydrodefluorination pathway in which oxidized, short-chain products do not measurably accumulate under the conditions studied. Scavenger and control experiments are consistent with hydrated electrons and in situ hydrogen generation as key reactive species. Taken together, the results indicate that synergistic interfacial PFAS sorption, plasmon-induced hydrogen evolution and hydrated electron formation drive PFAS defluorination under mild reaction conditions.

PMID 42761012
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PubMedCancer medicine2026-09-19

Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancer Stem Cells: Targeting Lipid Flux and Mitochondrial Plasticity to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance.

Uti Daniel Ejim DE, Alum Esther Ugo EU, Egbung Josephine E JE, Mohammedsaleh Zuhair M ZM et al.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are increasingly recognized as metabolically plastic subpopulations within malignant tissues that drive tumor initiation, metastatic dissemination, and relapse after therapy. Although traditional models of cancer metabolism have emphasized aerobic glycolysis, CSCs rarely exhibit a single, clearly defined bioenergetic phenotype. Rather, they dynamically remodel glucose utilization, oxidative phosphorylation, redox regulation, de novo fatty acid synthesis, lipid uptake, lipid sequestration, and fatty acid oxidation in response to hypoxic conditions, nutrient restriction, stromal interactions, and therapeutic perturbations. This review focuses on two interconnected aspects of metabolic flexibility: lipid flux and mitochondrial plasticity. We examine how de novo lipogenesis, CD36-mediated fatty acid uptake, fatty acid-binding protein trafficking, cholesterol biosynthesis, and lipid-droplet turnover contribute to stemness, membrane remodeling, metastatic potential, and resistance to cytotoxic agents. We also examine how mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion, fission, mitophagy, and biogenesis, together with reactive oxygen species buffering and shifts in oxidative phosphorylation, facilitate CSC survival during chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune-mediated cytotoxicity. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of fatty acid oxidation to respiratory metabolism, on the epigenetic consequences associated with the acetyl-CoA availability, and the metabolic crosstalk linking CSCs to adipocytes, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, and immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we evaluate therapeutic strategies involving inhibitors of fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1), and OXPHOS. We also discuss combination therapies, nanotechnology-based drug delivery, and emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-guided approaches. Taken together, current evidence identifies the lipid-mitochondrial axis as a critical systems-level driver of therapeutic resistance and a promising target for improving long-term cancer control.

PMID 42760790
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PubMedJournal of food science2026-09-19

Enhancing Repeated Frying Stability of Soybean Oil by Blending With Beef Tallow.

Zhang Xiaoyu X, Wang Qiaojun Q, Yu Man M, Xiang Qin Q et al.

Frying can bring desirable flavor and crispness to food, with frying oil performance being crucial for product quality and safety. This study investigated the effects of blending beef tallow (BT) with soybean oil (SO) on the oxidative stability, sensory quality, and safety profile of frying oil subjected to repeated use. Five blends with saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels ranging from 18.95% to 28.82% were evaluated. Increasing the BT proportion significantly improved frying stability. Compared to pure SO, the blend with the highest SFA content (S5, 28.82% SFA) showed the greatest reduction in oxidation indices, including a 38.2% decrease in acid value and a 30.0% decrease in peroxide value. After 20 frying cycles, BT/SO blends also reduced harmful compounds such as benzo[a]pyrene (by 10.6%-34.1%) and total polar compounds (by 17.5%-27.1%). Sensory evaluation indicated that blends such as S4 (26.55% SFA) suppressed sour odor and enhanced buttery and roasted notes, while excessive BT introduced an undesirable cowy odor. Fatty acid analysis confirmed that BT blending slowed polyunsaturated fatty acid degradation and trans fatty acid formation. In conclusion, moderate BT addition, particularly at approximately 26.55% SFA, effectively improves the oxidative stability and flavor quality of repeatedly used frying oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study offers a practical blending strategy for the food industry to enhance the performance of repeatedly used frying oils. The incorporation of an appropriate amount of BT into vegetable oil can effectively improve oil stability. Manufacturers can extend oil service life, reduce harmful compound formation, and maintain desirable sensory attributes of fried foods. These benefits make the approach suitable for both large-scale food production and small-scale foodservice operations.

PMID 42760792
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