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salbutamol + ipratropium bromide (Respimat Combivent)

✓ Approved

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is salbutamol + ipratropium bromide?

salbutamol + ipratropium bromide is a small molecule developed by Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesRespimat Combivent
CompanyBoehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2, CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

salbutamol + ipratropium bromide acts on 5 molecular targets:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

salbutamol + ipratropium bromide is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersChronic obstructive pulmonary disease✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthmaPhase III

Related Research Articles

PubMedMedical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran2026-10-19

Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjunct to Standard Therapy in Infants with Acute Bronchiolitis: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Karimian Pegah P, Dehghani Mohammadabadi Fahimeh F, Charmduzi Forugh F, Khoshnezhad Ebrahimi Hamidreza H et al.

The evidence regarding the efficacy of magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) in bronchiolitis is conflicting, and high-quality trials involving very young infants are limited. To compare the efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate, salbutamol, and 3% hypertonic saline against nebulized salbutamol and 3% hypertonic saline in infants aged 1-6 months who are admitted with a first episode of mild-to-moderate bronchiolitis. The primary outcomes were physiological parameters including oxygen saturation (SpO₂), respiratory rate (RR), and pulse rate (PR). Length of hospital stay (LOS), and Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (RDAI) score were evaluated as exploratory outcomes, along with escalation of care and adverse events. In this parallel, double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted from August 2022 to February 2023, 62 eligible infants were allocated (1:1) to receive three consecutive 20-minute nebulizations of salbutamol, MgSO₄, and 3% saline (intervention) or salbutamol and 3% saline (control), followed by identical doses every 6 hours for up to 72 hours. All caregivers, clinicians, and outcome assessors were blinded. Outcome assessments were performed at baseline (pre-intervention), 1 hour after the initial dose, and every 24 hours thereafter (± 2 hours) until discharge or 72 hours, whichever occurred first. LOS was defined as the duration (in hours) from randomization until predefined discharge criteria were met (SpO₂ ≥ 94% in room air for ≥ 12 hours, adequate oral intake, respiratory rate within age norms, RDAI ≤ 3). Among the 62 infants, 33 (53.2%) received triple-drug therapy, while 29 (46.8%) received standard dual therapy. The baseline characteristics were comparable, with a mean age as 3.6 ± 1.25 months and 56.5% male. The median Length of stay (LOS) was shorter in the MgSO₄ group (6.0 days, IQR 5-7) compared to the control group (7.0 days, IQR 6-9; P = 0.046, Mann-Whitney U). No significant differences were observed between groups for daily RDAI, RR, PR, or SpO₂ (repeated-measures ANOVA, P > 0.05). None of the infants required intensive care, mechanical ventilation, or experienced serious drug-related events. This double-blind randomized trial did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect on its prospectively registered primary outcomes (oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, heart rate). The observed difference in length of hospital stay (a secondary, unregistered outcome; median 6.0 vs. 7.0 days; unadjusted P = 0.046) did not reach statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (corrected threshold: P < 0.01) and should be regarded as exploratory and hypothesis-generating only. This trial should be interpreted as null and inconclusive. Adequately powered, prospectively registered confirmatory trials are necessary before any clinical recommendations can be made.

PMID 42894611
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PubMedAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026-10-19

Reconstruction of the Electric Double Layer for Long-Lasting Aqueous Manganese Metal Batteries.

Hou Zhichao Z, Lu Wenqiang W, Zheng Hongbao H, Zeng Guowei G et al.

Aqueous Mn metal batteries (AMMBs) have emerged as promising candidates for stationary energy storage owing to the natural abundance of Mn, their operational safety, and their high energy density. However, the high chemical reactivity of the Mn metal anode induces a severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), resulting in poor cycling reversibility. Fundamentally, HER is a parasitic cathodic reaction competing with Mn electrodeposition and may accompany Mn corrosion. Its kinetics are influenced by the interfacial water environment within the electric double layer (EDL). In this study, we propose a strategy for reconstructing the EDL by adding n-decyltrimethylammonium bromide (10-DTAB), a surfactant with a relatively high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), to the electrolyte to stabilize the Mn anode. The high LUMO energy level enhances its reduction stability, thus preventing continuous decomposition during cycling and enabling sustained interfacial protection. Consequently, the Mn anode exhibits a markedly enhanced Coulombic efficiency of 93%. This study demonstrates a durable EDL regulation paradigm based on high-LUMO additives, offering new insights into stabilizing Mn metal anodes and advancing AMMBs toward practical applications.

PMID 42895191
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PubMedMaterials horizons2026-10-19

Jellyfish-inspired multilayered responsive hydrogels via micelle-confined photopolymerization for underwater communication and emergency rescue.

Sun Fangrong F, Zhang Tao T, Yu Jinmo J, Deng Aijia A et al.

Hydrogels offer considerable promise as flexible sensors. However, maintaining their stable performance in complex underwater environments characterized by high pressure, high salinity, and temperature fluctuations remains a significant challenge. Inspired by the dynamic adaptive capabilities of jellyfish, this study reports a biomimetic composite conductive hydrogel with multi-level environmental responsiveness, synthesized via the copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and octadecyl methacrylate (OMA), incorporating color-changing microcapsules through a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelle-confined polymerization strategy. The long alkyl chains of OMA promote hydrophobic association networks inside CTAB micelles, endowing the hydrogel with both high strength and exceptional stretchability (fracture strength of 690 kPa; elongation at break 1370%). This hydrogel achieves multi-parameter, synchronized responses to complex marine conditions: strong temperature sensitivity (-15.344%/°C), an electrical response to water-depth pressure (7.13 kPa-1, corresponding to 0-500 m water depth), stable tensile responsiveness, and reversible color changes visible to the naked eye. Building on these capabilities, the hydrogel can monitor human motion in conventional settings and also enable underwater sensing and Morse-code-based information transmission, demonstrating substantial potential for applications for underwater communication and emergency rescue applications.

PMID 42895722
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PubMedJournal of applied toxicology : JAT2026-10-19

Cytotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Common Pesticides on Hepatic and Renal Cell Lines (HepG2 and Hek-293): Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety.

Elghali Fares F, Bedchich Kawther K, Kacem Nour N, Aifa Mohamed Sami MS

Modern agricultural practices expose humans and the environment to numerous chemical pesticides. Increasing evidence suggests that commercial pesticide formulations may exhibit toxicological properties that differ from those of their active ingredients alone due to the presence of co-formulants and additives. This study evaluated the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of commonly used commercial pesticide formulations in Tunisia on human hepatic (HepG2) and renal (HEK-293) cell lines. The tested formulations contained deltamethrin, permethrin, abamectin, imidacloprid, mancozeb, sulfur, alpha-chloralose, 2,4-D-2-ethylhexyl ester, florasulam, cloquintocet-mexyl, clodinafop-propargyl, and pinoxaden. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), and membrane damage was evaluated using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values were determined for each formulation. Moncozeb exhibited the highest cytotoxicity in both cell lines, whereas sulfur and alpha-chloralose showed the lowest toxicity. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements revealed significant oxidative stress following exposure to several formulations, which was associated with reduced cell viability and increased LDH release. Microscopic examination further demonstrated nuclear alterations consistent with apoptosis and necrosis in exposed cells. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating complete commercial pesticide formulations, rather than active ingredients alone, when assessing potential cytotoxic and oxidative effects. The results support the inclusion of formulation-based testing in toxicological risk assessment to better characterize potential human health hazards associated with pesticide exposure.

PMID 42894318
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PubMedAutonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical2026-10-19

Vestibular inputs mask the directional specificity of neck proprioceptor afferent signals in sympathetic cardiovascular regulation during postural changes.

Watanabe Tasuku T, Nakamura Yosuke Y, Inoue Takeshi T, Ezomo Ojeiru Felix OF et al.

During postural changes, arterial blood pressure is regulated by multiple sensory systems, including vestibular and cervical proprioceptive inputs, but their interaction remains poorly understood. We examined the involvement and interaction of these inputs in urethane-anesthetized rabbits (n = 24). Responses to 45° head-down tilt (HDT), passive neck flexion (NF), and passive neck extension (NE) were compared between control and bilateral vestibular lesion (VL) groups. In control animals, HDT evoked transient, second-to-second suppression of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during the early phase after postural change, accompanied by a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP). The HDT-evoked MAP decrease was no longer observed after hexamethonium bromide administration, consistent with involvement of autonomic ganglionic transmission. Both the RSNA and MAP responses were significantly attenuated after VL, suggesting that vestibular afferents make a major contribution to the sympathoinhibitory cardiovascular response to HDT. Heart rate did not change significantly. Although absolute MAP and RSNA responses to NF and NE did not differ significantly from baseline in either group, within-animal comparison revealed a significant directional difference in MAP after VL (NE > NF in all six animals), whereas no such difference was evident in controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that vestibular inputs normally mask the directional specificity of cervical proprioceptive influences on blood pressure regulation. This interaction may contribute to cardiovascular adjustments during the early phase of postural change and thereby potentially to the maintenance of cerebral perfusion.

PMID 42896414
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PubMedTalanta2026-10-19

Bismuth-stabilized perovskites with water-boosted fluorescence for accurate quantification of high-concentration chloride in wastewater.

Fan Chao C, Ge Dongdong D, Zhang Yaheng Y, Zhang Qinggang Q et al.

The rapid anion exchange between chloride (Cl-) and bromide (Br-), accompanied by remarkable photoluminescence (PL) shifts, enables CsPbBr3 perovskites to exhibit excellent selectivity for Cl- detection. However, CsPbBr3 nanocrystals stabilized by organic ligands usually exhibit limited applicability for Cl- detection in water, because the hydrophobic ligands prevent direct contact with aqueous Cl- and restrict interfacial ion-exchange kinetics. Ligand-free CsPbBr3-based perovskites synthesized by solid-state methods generally suffer from poor stability in aqueous environments and weak fluorescence, arising from their intrinsic ionic nature, abundant defect states, and large grain size, which severely limit their application in fluorescence sensing. Herein, metallic bismuth (Bi) with strong affinity toward Cl- was introduced to form composites with ligand-free CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 perovskites, constructing multi-branched CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6/Bi composites (CPB-Bi) for Cl- detection in ethanol-water environments. The incorporation of Bi provides a robust structural framework and interfacial protection, significantly improving the stability of perovskite components in polar solvent environments. Additionally, the amount of water in ethanol induces partial reconstruction of Cs4PbBr6 into CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and passivates surface defects, resulting in enhanced radiative recombination and greatly improved PL intensity. Owing to the rapid reaction between the nanosized perovskite materials and chloride ions, the detection time was significantly reduced to 10 min. Based on the Cl-/Br- anion exchange mechanism, a linear relationship between PL peak positions and Cl- concentrations was established. The optimized CPB-Bi10 (10 mmol Bi) sensor achieved a chloride detection accuracy of 95.65% in wastewater samples at Cl- concentrations up to 10,000 ppm. The sensor exhibits outstanding sensitivity, high selectivity, and robust anti-interference capability, offering a facile strategy for designing ligand-free perovskite-based fluorescent sensors for environmental ion monitoring.

PMID 42896354
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