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Bubo-M vaccine

✓ Approved

Combiotech · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is Bubo-M vaccine?

Bubo-M vaccine is a vaccine developed by Combiotech. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

CompanyCombiotech
Drug ClassVaccine
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Combiotech

Therapeutic Indications

Bubo-M vaccine is developed for 3 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsDiphtheria✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsHepatitis B✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsTetanus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedVeterinary medicine and science2026-08-25

Rpf-Toxo: A Preliminary Computationally Designed Dense Granule Antigen-Based Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Toxoplasma gondii.

Safari Mohamad Hosein MH, Hosseini Seyyed Amir SA, Ghiabi Shadan S, Ghiabi Shamim S et al.

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary importance causing abortion. While current therapies are limited to address the chronic phase of infection, effective prophylactic vaccines are warranted. In this study, we applied a rational vaccine design approach centred around immunodominant dense granule antigens (GRAs). In silico epitope mapping was performed on six GRAs (GRA15, GRA60, GRA76, GRA83, GRA-α and GRA-β). Using web servers, B-cell, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and helper T-lymphocyte epitopes were predicted and then filtered for antigenicity, solubility and allergenicity. We designed four vaccine constructs by fusing predicted epitopes with specific linkers and adjuvants (RS-09, RpfE/50S ribosomal protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and human interferon gamma [IFN-γ]). Constructs were subjected to rigorous evaluation, which included physicochemical evaluation, 3D structural prediction and refinement, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) docking, immune simulation and codon adaptation. All candidates exhibited high antigenicity (VaxiJen scores > 0.9) and solubility (> 0.6). Rpf-Toxo emerged optimal, with non-allergenic, antigenic (0.9148), soluble (0.658), stable (instability index: 35.41) and hydrophilic (grand average of hydropathicity: -0.641) properties. Docking revealed strong TLR-4 binding activity (affinity: -20.6 kcal/mol; Kd: 7.3e-16 M) and immune simulation predicted robust responses, including antibody titers > 170,000, Th1-skewed IFN-γ (380,000 ng/mL) and memory cell activation; however, these in silico predictions need experimental validation. Codon optimization enhanced expression (CAI: 1.00; GC: 65.63%), and in silico cloning indicated compatibility with pET28a(+). These computational predictions require future experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm safety and protective efficacy.

PMID 42638180
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PubMedScientific reports2026-08-25

High-throughput in silico multi-epitope reverse vaccine design against hydatidosis.

Skhal Dania D, Al Nahhas Samar S, Skhal Osama O, Abbady Abdul Qader AQ

The Middle East is a significant hotspot for human hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a complex multi-stage pathogen exhibiting antigenic variation with diverse epitopes. Multi-epitope vaccines, designed using immunoinformatics, represent a promising approach to effectively control this challenging parasite. A total of 1150 secreted, non-toxic, antigenic proteins were obtained from database and analyzed for their immunogenic potential, leading to the identification of 1024 CTL, 80 HTL, and 172 LBL prioritized epitopes, which were then ranked and clustered to prefer the most immunogenicity epitopes to include in novel vaccine construct. The chosen Construct (Con2) was modified for dual-plasmid insertion, facilitating the expression of three different vaccine constructs which were predicted by C-ImmSim to stimulate robust IFN-γ/IL-2 production and enhance IgM/IgG antibody secretion. Utilizing in silico, next-generation vaccine design, we propose several vaccine candidates that warrant further validation through in vitro laboratory testing and in vivo studies to assess their immunological efficacy.

PMID 42637785
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PubMedJournal of medical virology2026-08-25

Enhanced Immunogenicity and Cross-Neutralizing Activity of a Trivalent Adenoviral Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Mice.

Li Jianhua J, Song Wanchen W, Li Jiaxuan J, Peng Ruofan R et al.

The emergence of diverse SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants has reduced the efficacy of existing vaccines, highlighting the need for multivalent vaccines with broader neutralizing capacity. We developed a trivalent adenoviral vector-based vaccine (Ad5-CoV19-prototype/Delta/BF.7) encoding the spike proteins of the ancestral strain, Delta variant, and Omicron BF.7 strain, and evaluated its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. Four- to 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with 10 µg of monovalent or trivalent vaccines using single-dose or two-dose (2-week interval) regimens. Neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers against the ancestral strain, Omicron BA.5, and XBB.1.5, as well as IFN-γ+ T-cell responses, were measured. The trivalent vaccine elicited significantly higher nAb titers against the ancestral strain (GMT 2183.6 at week 8) and Omicron subvariants (BA.5: GMT 680.0; XBB.1.5: GMT 161.3) after two doses compared to monovalent vaccines. Two doses also enhanced IFN-γ+ CD8+ T-cell responses (p < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that the trivalent vaccine induces enhanced immunogenicity and cross-neutralizing activity, including improved cross-neutralizing antibody titers and IFN-γ+ T-cell responses against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants compared to monovalent formulations. These findings suggest potential for broader immune coverage against antigenically drifted variants, although protective efficacy remains to be confirmed in viral challenge models and further clinical evaluation.

PMID 42639828
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PubMedNature communications2026-08-25

Direct lipid interactions control SARS-CoV-2 M protein conformational dynamics and virus assembly.

Dutta Mandira M, Dolan Kimberly A KA, Amiar Souad S, Bass Elijah J EJ et al.

M is the most abundant structural membrane protein in coronaviruses and is essential for the formation of infectious virus particles. SARS-CoV-2 M adopts two conformations, Mshort and Mlong, and regulated transition between states is hypothesized to coordinate viral assembly and budding. However, the factors that regulate M conformation and roles for each state are unknown. Here, we discover a direct M-sphingolipid interaction that controls M conformational dynamics, interaction with other structural proteins, and virus assembly. We show M binds Golgi-enriched anionic lipids including ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P). Molecular dynamics simulations show C1P interaction promotes a long to short transition and energetically stabilizes Mshort. Cryo-EM structures show C1P specifically binds Mshort at a conserved site bridging transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. Disrupting Mshort-C1P interaction alters M subcellular localization, reduces colocalization with Spike and E, and reduces virus-like particle formation and cell entry. Together, these results show endogenous signaling lipids regulate M structure and support a model in which Mshort is stabilized in the early endomembrane system to organize other structural proteins prior to viral budding.

PMID 42637721
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PubMedFrontiers in tuberculosis2026-08-25

A Mycobacterium tuberculosis rare variable antigen vaccine reduces lung pathology in hypersusceptible SP140-/- mice.

Howard Zachary P ZP, Mohapatra Alexander A, Zheng Weihao W, Ernst Joel D JD

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of death globally due to a single infectious agent. Currently, no licensed vaccine protects against pulmonary tuberculosis, the primary adult disease caused by Mtb infection. CD4 T cells are essential in protection against Mtb infection and inducing a protective CD4 T cell response remains the goal of most Mtb vaccines currently in testing. However, in contrast to other pathogens, most Mtb T cell epitopes do not exhibit sequence variation, suggesting that T cell recognition does not drive selection of escape mutants. We discovered hypothetical Mtb antigens that do exhibit sequence diversity within human T cell epitopes and tested the impact of vaccination with these rare variable antigens (RVMA) using a DNA vaccine platform. We found vaccination with RVMA significantly alters the immune response to Mtb infection in both C57BL/6 and hypersusceptible SP140‒/‒ mice without reducing lung bacterial burdens. RVMA vaccination of hypersusceptible SP140‒/‒ animals prevented necrosis and altered the lesion composition reducing tissue damage and increasing CD4 T cell distribution. Reductions in pathology were associated with increases in RORγt-expressing CD4 T cells and decreases in monocyte-derived cells in the lungs prior to the development of necrotic lesions, and were independent of B cells. These results suggest T cell responses to certain antigens may be involved in preventing pathology without significantly changing bacterial burdens and indicate that these antigens can be efficacious in Prevention of Disease TB vaccines.

PMID 42638779
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PubMedPest management science2026-08-25

A formulation-driven plant-derived nanoemulsion for root-knot nematode control in tomato: efficacy across pot and greenhouse conditions.

Ganapathy Ramanan R, Aykaç Ahmet A

Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems offer a promising approach to improve the stability and biological performance of plant-derived nematicides. This study evaluated a plant-derived nanoemulsion based on Nerium oleander extract against M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. hapla under controlled pot and commercial greenhouse conditions. The nanoemulsion was evaluated at 2-10 mL L-1 under pot conditions and 6-10 L ha-1 in greenhouse trials, with commercial nematicides used as references. Increasing application rates significantly reduced gall formation across all tested species. At 10 mL L-1, gall indices were 3.40, 3.10, and 3.00 for M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. hapla, respectively. In greenhouse trials, 10 L ha-1 achieved 85.33% efficacy (gall index 0.97), approaching the commercial botanical reference (89.35%; gall index 0.76). The consistent performance across pot and greenhouse experiments indicates that the nanoemulsion maintains its biological activity across experimental scales and supports its potential as a sustainable alternative for integrated nematode management. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID 42638290
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